Short Story Who Am I - 1703 Words

Akili Quintero Who am I? Hello I am Akili Faith Quintero, I am 17 and a senior at Payette High School. At this time in my life I am everything. I am a lover and a fighter and a poet and an awkward teenager who is lost with a torn and wet map telling me where to go to be who I am meant to be. I live with my mom and stepdad (Wendy Lopez, Jerry Lopez) we have lived in Payette for as long as I can remember, however since we have lived here we have moved a lot. Right now we live on 40 North Avenue here in Payette. However, I have never lived in the same house for more than five years. I am a three season athlete; I play soccer in the fall, basketball in the winter and softball in the spring. I belong to two clubs, I belong to DECA and the†¦show more content†¦Traveling is something that I have always wanted to do. In DECA I have been lucky enough to travel to New York, and Nashville, and California, and this year we are going to Atlanta Georgia. At first it takes me awhile to get used to not b eing home, but everywhere I go I fall in love with the people and the sights and the smells and the food. I know that I love to travel and I love to write but english and writing is what I want to do with the rest of my life. I plan on carrying out the rest of my education at LCSC getting my major in secondary education and my minor in creative writing. After school I think I’m going to get a job being a stewardess and travel around the world and not only do it for free but I would get paid for doing something that I love to do. Akili Quintero Before I was There Were I have a rather large family and a lot of people say that it’s confusing, but I find it simplistic. My mom (Wendy Lopez) and dad (Junior Quintero) got divorced when I was barely one. But, before they did they had my sister Quante’ who is 19 and a sophomore in college. She is going to college at LCSC she is getting her bachelor s degree in kinesiology and then she is going to U of I to finish out her doctorate. She’s my hero and my best friend, she always has been, er have been through absolutely everything together, she’s my rock. My mom remarried when I was wee to her middle school- high school sweetheart Gerald Lopez, they gaveShow MoreRelated‚Äà ²Am I Blue?‚Äà ´ ‚Äà ¬ a Significant Piece of Work or a Modern Controversy?837 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay is concerned with the short story ‘Am I Blue’ by Bruce Coville, and aim to identify and comment upon the themes presented in the sh ort story such as the issues of adolescence, tolerance, homosexuality and sexual identity in general. Since its release in 1994, Bruce Coville’s short story has been subject to both praise and approval as well as controversy and criticism. This essay focuses on these various aspects. The protagonistRead MoreSummary Of My Hands Were Trembling 960 Words   |  4 PagesMy hands were trembling. I just could not do it. My heart was palpitating as my blood ran throughout all of my veins. Thoughts were racing in and out of mind. I imagined the worst case scenario. I just could not press the confirm button. My essay was not good enough. Maybe I can tweak it some more to make it better. I need a good grade, and this will not get me there. Self doubt filled my body as I sat at the computer desk anxiously trying to upload my short story to turnitin.com. Many peopleRead MoreSummary Of My Hands Were Trembling 960 Words   |  4 PagesMy hands were trembling. I just could not do it. My heart was palpitating as my blood ran throughout all of my veins. Thoughts were racing in and out of mind. I imagined the worst case scenario. I just could not press the confirm button. My essay was not good enough. Maybe I can tweak it some more to make it better. I need a good grade, and this will not get me there. Self doubt filled my body as I sat at the computer desk anxiously trying to upload my short story to turnitin.com. Many peopleRead MoreWe Talk About Love By George Saunders And Lance Olsen1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome the writer I aspired to be post-undergrad, I knew I needed to change some of my static habits. One of these conventions was consuming the same type of literature year after year and not allowing myself enough time to write. So I began taking recommendations from peers I respected and read works from writers I had met. Raymond Carver, Junot Dà ­az, Colum McCann, Anne Lamott, Sherman Alexi, Dorothea Brande, George Saunders and Lance Olsen are a handful of the writers I discovered. AllRead MoreReunion - Fame or Family?1440 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzing the short story This essay is going to be an analysis and interpretation of the short story ‘’Reunion’’ by John Cheever. It will begin with a summary of the short story. 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ButRead MoreThe Effectivness of Literary Techniques Used in Stephen Crane’s The Open Boat842 Words   |  3 PagesStephen Crane’s short story â€Å"The Open Boat† is developed through many techniques, but the most effective technique he used was his organization. The first chapter is an introduction of the setting, characters, and plot. The second chapter contains innocent details to familiarize the audience with the characters and the situation, while the third chapter begins to dig into the plot. The fourth chapter sets a problem for the characters and the fifth and sixth chapters are the rising action, buildingRead MoreA Comparison: A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain and Drown Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the short story collections in Robert Butler’s A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain and Junot Diaz’s Drown, the most prominent differences between these short stories were 1) poverty versus enough and 2) a healthy versus destructive home and family life and other surroundings. 1. Poverty vs. Enough Drown illustrates a narrator growing up in a very low income Spanish home with the bare minimums to survive, â€Å"We lived south of the Cementerio Nacional in a wood-frame house with three roomsRead MoreEssay about Reunion: Short Story and Father1199 Words   |  5 PagesHow we see each other The stories I am going to write about are â€Å"Reunion† by John Cheever from 1962 and â€Å"Living with strangers† by Siri Hustvedt from 2002 . These stories are short stories. The one I am going to focus on the most is â€Å"Reunion† by John Cheever. This is the short story which I am going to analyze, and I am going to draw parallels with â€Å"Living with strangers†. â€Å"Reunion† is about a son that is waiting for his father in Grand Central Station. His father comes to take him out for lunchRead MoreThe Joy Of Reading And Writing : Superman And Me916 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me† is a short story in which Sherman Alexie, the author, writes about the expectations of Indian children and how he defeated them. Alexie’s thesis is about how reading was his key to overcoming the expectation of failure and that helping influence young Indians to read and write can save them from their prescribed fate as well. Primarily expressive writing is used to convey this message but literary writing is also used as a secondary purpose. Narration

Powers of the Constitution Essay - 546 Words

Powers of the Constitution The national and state governments derive their respective powers from the Constitution in several ways. Some powers are explicitly stated while others are not. Understanding the various types of powers can be difficult and this essay is an attempt to clarify them. The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution states, The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. From this amendment we first learn of delegated and reserved powers. Delegated powers are those powers of the national government that are expressed or implied in the Constitution. Reserved powers, therefore, are those powers†¦show more content†¦It states, The Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any other department or officer thereof. The necessary and proper clause is tied closely to the supremacy clause of the Constitution. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. The principles of necessary and proper and the supremacy clause can be seen in the landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland. The Supreme Court ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax the United States national bank because the necessary and proper clause gave Congress a discretionary choice of means for implementing the granted powers. This also was the first case to establish the national government as supreme by not allowing the state of Maryland to regulate a national bank through taxation. Resulting powers a re derived by implication from the mass of delegated powers or from a group of them. Such powers include the taking of property by eminent domain for a purpose not specified in the Constitution, the power to carryShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Power Of The Constitution1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe constitution, which was established in 1993, gives too many and strong powers to the Russian President. Sometimes, people compare Russias presidency with Charles de Gaulle in the French Fifth Republic Everyone knows about the authority and rights which Russian President has. He can issue decrees and directives that have the force of law without legislative review, but they should not contradict that document or other previous laws. The President has a power to make so many appointments of keyRead MoreThe Power Of The Athenian Constitution949 Words   |  4 Pagesowned property. The Athenian democracy followed a similar rule; to be on the Athenian senate, one had to be a male who owned prop erty and was not a slave. This trend has been seen throughout the western world in establishing democracies; the hegemonic power controls the laws of the state. But now, with technology, we are able to empower the disenfranchised and have a more equal representation. 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It known of as the law making body of the United States government withRead MoreThe And Power Of The Constitution And The Idea Of Federalism1104 Words   |  5 PagesSince the very beginnings of America, there has been debate as to the size and power of the constitution and the idea of Federalism. This debate is very much present in our modern day world and it presents challenges of its own. Some of these said challenges in the American federalist society include the breakdowns in communication, the extents, and limits of government vs state power and the shared powers of said parties. To begin we must address the issue of the communication breakdown in the UnitedRead MoreThe Australian Constitution And The Separation Of Power2193 Words   |  9 PagesAustralian Constitution is a rich amalgam of various classical political principles. The concepts of the Rule of Law and the doctrine of the Separation of Powers evident in Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws are both salient examples of political theses that are central to Australian Constitutional Law. The structure of the Constitution itself and decisions of the High Court of Australia unequivocally validate the entrenchment of the doctrine separation of powers in the Commonwealth Constitution . In particular

Business and Corporations Law Shipbuilder

Question: 1 Consider the following situations and indicate whether consideration is present and whether Jack has an enforceable agreement: (these all are different not same) a) Jane is going overseas and she offers to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts. b) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $25 000. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts. c) Jane offers to sell Jack her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $2500. The market value for this type of vehicle in good condition is around $25 000. Jack accepts. 2 A shipbuilder had contracted to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The contract was in US dollars and didnt contain any provisions for currency fluctuations. Approximately halfway through construction of the ship, the United States devalued its currency by 10 per cent. As the shipbuilder stood to make a loss on the contract, it demanded that an extra US$3 million be paid or it would stop work. The buyer reluctantly agreed under protest to pay, as he already had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it be delivered on time. The buyer didnt commence action to recover the excess payment until some nine months after delivery. Will the buyer succeed in recovering the excess? Answer: 1 (a) Issue: In this case, a promise was made by Jane according to which, she was going to give her sports car to Jack. But in return, no consideration was going to be provided by Jack. Under these circumstances, the issue that needs to be decided is if the promise made by Jane can be enforced by Jack. Rule: The rules of common law related with the contract law provides for the need of certain elements that must be present if an agreement can be treated as legally enforceable (Beale, (ed) 2002). The result is that an author should be made by one party, it should be accepted by the other and in the same way consideration should also be present (Atiyah, 1990). If any of these elements is not present, the law does not consider the agreement as a valid contract and therefore, enforceable by the law. The result is that as is the case with other essential elements, if consideration is not present, the contract is not treated as valid. The general rule is that consideration should to support the promise made under the contract. It is also provided by the law that consideration should be something real. For this purpose, consideration should have some value under the law. Similarly, a past consideration is also not treated as valid (Re McArdle, 1951). In the same way, the effect of this re quirement is that an illusionary consideration is not treated as valid. Application: the facts of this case suggests that while Jane had made a promise to give her car to Jack but no promise has been made by Jack in return. Therefore, it is clear that no consideration has been provided by Jack in return of the promise made by Jane. Hence it can be said that consideration, which is an essential element for a valid contract, is not present. The law of contract clearly provides that all the essential elements in an agreement and only then agreement can be treated as legally enforceable. The conclusion is that this case, Jack does not have an enforceable agreement. (b) Issue: The facts that have been provided in this question suggests the need for deciding if an enforceable agreement has been created. For this purpose, it has to be seen if the elements that are necessary for creating a valid contract exist in this case or not. Rule: According to the contract law, certain elements are treated as being necessary for creating valid agreement. If these elements are present in an agreement, it becomes a valid contract. A valid contract is the term used for the agreement that can be enforced by the courts. Therefore, it has to be seen if the elements of offer and acceptance are present in the case or not (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Among these elements, it is also required that consideration should be supplied by the parties in return of the promise received by them under the agreement (White v Bluett, 1853). The law provides that in a case where all these elements are present, a legally enforceable agreement is considered to have been created. Application: when the above-mentioned rules are applied to this case, it is clear that Jane had made an offer to give her sports car to Jack at the price of $25,000. Similarly, Jack had accepted the offer and he is ready to purchase the car at the above-mentioned price. Hence, it can be concluded that the necessary elements are present and a valid contract has been created. Conclusion: it can be concluded that in this question, Jack has an enforceable promise against Jane. (c) Issue: in view of the facts that have been mentioned in this question, the need arises to deal with the issue of adequacy of consideration and its impact on the validity of the contract. Therefore, it has to be considered in this case if the promise made by Jane is legally enforceable. According to this promise, Jane is going to give her sports car to Jack for $2500 while the market value of the car is nearly $25,000. The issue therefore arises if the inadequacy of consideration when in fact the legality of the contract. Rule: in this case, the common law rules dealing with the adequacy of consideration can provide an answer in this situation. Under the common law, the general rule provides that the inadequacy of the consideration does not have any impact on the validity of the contract. The law requires that there should be consideration present to support the promise made under the contract. It is also required that such consideration should be real. For this purpose, the consideration should have certain economic value. The result of this requirement is that things like natural love and affection are not treated by the law as valid considerations. However, it is not the intention of the law to going to the question that the consideration supplied by a party in return of the promise made by the other party is of the equal value. The only requirement is that sufficient consideration should be present even if they consideration is not adequate. Under the law, a real consideration is sufficient. For instance, in a famous case, Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1959), the court had stated that the empty wrappers of the milk chocolate of Nestl can be treated as a valid consideration even if these wrappers were to be thrown away the company later on. Hence in this case, the court had reaffirmed the rule that consideration should be sufficient and it is not necessary that it should also be adequate. Application: When the common law rules related with the adequacy of consideration, mentioned above are applied to the facts in this question, it becomes clear that even if the consideration supplied by Jack is not adequate as the market value of the car is nearly $25,000 but still it is a sufficient consideration as it has certain economic value. The courts do not go into the issue of adequacy of consideration. Conclusion: In this case, a legally enforceable contract has been formed. 2. Issue: The issue that is present in this question is related with the enforceability of the promise of paying additional money even when the other party is only performing his duty under pre-existing contract. The facts of this case are that a contract has been created between the shipbuilder and a buyer for building a tanker for the buyer. But the work was halfway through, the US government decided to devalue its currency by 10%. Moreover, there was no clause present in the contract which would deal with the fluctuations in the rate of currency. The result was that the shipbuilder started to face difficulties in completing the work. As the shipbuilder was set to suffer a loss due to the evaluation of the currency, the shipbuilder told the buyer that they will not continue with the work of making the tanker. On the other hand, the buyer had a charter for the tanker. These were the circumstances under which a promise was made by the buyer that an additional amount of $3 million will be paid to the ship builder if the shipbuilder continued the work and the tanker was delivered on time to the buyer. Therefore, it needs to be seen if the promise made by the buyer is legally enforceable under the rules of contract law. The reason is that in this case the shipbuilder is only performing his duty under the contract that it had already created with the buyer which required the completion of the tanker on time. Rule: The general rule of the contract law is that a promise can be enforced by the courts if such a promise is supported by the presence of a valid consideration (Atiyah, 2000). This rule has been provided by the court in Stilk v Myrick (1809). Therefore it will be desirable to briefly mention the facts of this case. This case was related with the need for consideration in order to create an agreement that can be enforced by the law. In this case, the master of the ship had promised to the other crew members of the ship that he will give the wages of the two of the crew members who had deserted the ship, to them. As these two members had deserted the ship and no replacement could be found, the master of the ship promised that the wages of these two members will be given to the other crew members if, apart from performing their own duties, they also perform the duties of these two members and to the ship to its home port. However when the ship reached its home port, London, the maste r of the ship refused to make the payment. Therefore, Stilk initiated proceedings for the recovery of this amount. In the decision given by the court, it was stated that the promise was not legally enforceable. The reason given by the court was that the crew members have not supply any consideration in return of the promise according to which, they were to be given the wages of the two deserters. The court stated that crew members had already entered into a contract which provided that they had to complete the voyage. Another significant case in which this rule was reiterated was that of the Pinnel's case, (1602). In its decision in this case, the court stated that consideration has not been supplied in return of the promise according to which the plaintiff had agreed to accept our payment as the full satisfaction of the debt and not to sue for the rest of the amount. But an exception was created by the court to the application of the general rule mentioned above. Therefore in Williams v Roffey (1990), Roffey had contracted with Williams for some carpentry work that was to be done in some flats. Roffey had entered into a contract with the housing Society for the renovation of these flats. In this way, Roffey had subcontracted with Williams regarding the carpentry work. The parties have decided a price of 20,000 for the carpentry work. But after doing some work, Williams started to face financial problems as the price decided by them was too low. Under these circumstances, Williams approached the defendant and the defendant also acknowledged that the price was too low. At the same time, the defendant was also interested in the completion of these flats on time. According to the contract that it had created with the housing society, the defendant would have to pay a penalty if the work of the renovation of these flats was not completed on time. These were the circumstances under which Roffey agreed to pay additional amount for the completion of work in each flat. However, they refuse to make this payment and claimed that consideration was not present in this case. Williams had only performed its duty under the pre-existing contract. But the opinion of the Court was different as it stated that Roffey Bros had achieved a practical benefit from the completion of the work and as a result, consideration is present and therefore the promise made by them of making additional payment is legally enforceable. This rule can also be applied to the facts of the present case. Application: In this case, as the shipbuilder was going to suffer a loss due to the devaluation of the US currency by the government, the buyer agreed to pay additional $3 million to the shipbuilder. Now the question arises if this promise is legal or if the amount can be recovered by the buyer from the shipbuilder. As in this case, the buyer had a charter for the tanker, it was very important that the tanker was delivered on time. In this way, a practical benefit has been achieved by the buyer into the timely delivery of the tanker. As a result, the promised to pay extra $3 million is legal. Hence the buyer cannot be allowed to recover this amount from the shipbuilder. Conclusion: The buyer will not be successful in recovering the additional $3 million from the shipbuilder. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beale, H., (ed) 2002 Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law (Hart Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Publishing, Oxford Case Law Chappell v Nestle [1960] AC 87 Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 White v Bluett (1853) 2 WR 75 Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER 512

Intercultural Competence free essay sample

However, a difficulty confronting education professionals in fulfilling this responsibility is the bewildering array of conceptualisations of intercultural competence that are currently available. Over the past twenty years or so, there has been a proliferation of different models of intercultural competence across the social sciences, in disciplines as diverse as management, health care, counselling, social work, psychology and education. These various models have recently been reviewed by Spitzberg and Changnon (2009), who classify them into five types: (1) Compositional models, which identify the various components of intercultural competence without attempting to specify the relations between them – these models therefore simply contain lists of the relevant attitudes, skills, knowledge and behaviours which together make up intercultural competence. 2) Co-orientational models, which focus on how communication takes place within intercultural interactions, and how perceptions, meanings and intercultural understandings are constructed during the course of these interactions. (3) Developmental models, which describe the stages of development through which intercultural competence is acquired. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Competence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (4) Adaptational models, which focus on how individuals adjust and adapt their attitudes, understandings and behaviours during encounters with cultural others. 5) Causal path models, which postulate specific causal relationships between the different components of intercultural competence. In their review, Spitzberg and Changnon observe that many of the terms used to describe intercultural competence in all five types of model (e. g. , adaptability, sensitivity, etc. ) have not yet been properly operationalised or validated in empirical research, and that many of the models may well have ethnocentric biases due to the fact that they have been developed within western European and North American societies and probably lack cross-cultural generalizability. Certainly, most of the models reviewed by Spitzberg and Changnon are underdetermined by the available evidence: they contain many speculative elements and, when they have been subjected to empirical examination, are typically tested in very restricted situations with limited numbers of participants drawn from only a small range of cultures or sometimes only a single culture. Compositional models make the fewest assumptions concerning the nature of intercultural competence, as they modestly attempt only to identify the various attitudes, skills, knowledge and behaviours which together make up intercultural competence, without speculating about the interconnections, casual pathways or developmental interdependencies between them. Interestingly, and despite the large number of models of intercultural competence, there is considerable consensus among researchers and intercultural professionals concerning the components that comprise intercultural competence. For example, Deardorff (2006), in a survey which collected data from scholars of intercultural competence and university international administrators, found that 80% or more of the respondents agreed about 22 of the core components of intercultural competence. Deardorff also found substantial agreement over the definition of the term intercultural competence. The definition which was endorsed the most strongly by the scholars was â€Å"the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in intercultural situations based on one’s intercultural knowledge, skills and attitudes† (where the term effectively means that one is able to achieve one’s objectives in these interactions, and the term appropriately means that the interactions do not violate the cultural rules and norms which are valued by oneself and by one’s interlocutors). So what are the core components of intercultural competence? Drawing on the range of research that has been conducted in this field, and the numerous conceptual models that have been proposed, it is possible to argue that all of the following components form the core of intercultural competence: ? Attitudes: respect for other cultures; curiosity about other cultures; willingness to learn about other cultures; openness to people from other cultures; willingness to suspend judgement; willingness to tolerate ambiguity; and valuing cultural diversity. Skills: skills of listening to people from other cultures; skills of interacting with people from other cultures; skills of adapting to other cultural environments; linguistic, sociolinguistic and discourse skills, including skills in managing breakdowns in communication; skills in mediating intercultural exchanges; skills in discovering information about other cultures; skills of interpreting cultures and relating cultures to one another; empathy; multiperspectivity; cognitive flexibility; and skills in critically evaluating cultural perspectives, practices and products, including those of one’s own culture. Knowledge: cultural self-awareness; communicative awareness, especially of the different linguistic and communicative conventions within different cultures; culturespecific knowledge, especially knowledge of the perspectives, practices and products of particular cultural groups; and general cultural knowledge, especially knowledge of processes of cultural, societal and individual interaction. Behaviours: behaving and communicating effectively and appropriately during intercultural encounters; flexibility in cultural behaviour; flexibility in communicative behaviour; and having an action orientation, that is, a disposition for action in society in order to enhance the common good, especially through the reduction of prejudice, discrimination and conflict The relationship between these various attitudes, ski lls, knowledge and behaviours which together comprise intercultural competence has not yet been established. This is a matter for empirical investigation rather than a priori theorising, and there is a very large research agenda which needs to be addressed here. Questions which still need to be answered include: ? How does each of these components develop within the individual learner? ? What are the social, educational, cognitive and motivational factors which influence the acquisition of each component? ? Are there particular sequences in which the various components are acquired? ? Is the acquisition of some components a necessary prerequisite for the acquisition of other components? How are the different components cognitively and affectively inter-related? 3 ? To what extent does the development of intercultural competence vary depending on the specific cultural setting in which an individual lives, and the specific intercultural encounters which an individual experiences within that setting? That said, there is existing research evidence to support all of the following conclusions abo ut the development of intercultural competence: ? Intercultural competence can be enhanced through intercultural education and training (e. g. Klak Martin, 2003; Pascarella, Edison, Nora, Hagedorn Terenzini, 1996). ? Intercultural competence can also be enhanced through a range of intercultural experiences, for example by attending international schools, attending multi-ethnic institutions which have a non-discriminatory environment, or by having extensive contact with people from other countries (e. g. , Pascarella et al. 1996; Straffon, 2003; Zhai Scheer, 2004). ? Females, older individuals and minority individuals tend to have higher levels of intercultural competence than males, younger individuals and majority individuals, respectively (e. . , Pascarella et al. 1996; Zhai Scheer, 2004). ? Intercultural competence may be related to holding a more global, international perspective and lower levels of ethnocentrism (e. g. , Caligiuri, Jacobs Farr, 2000). ? Some individual and personality characteristics such as optimism, openness and extraversion may also be related to higher levels of intercultural competence (e. g. , Caligiuri et al. , 2000). ? Advanced proficiency in one or more foreign languages is also sometimes related to higher levels of intercultural competence (e. . , Olson Kroeger, 2001). Given the known impact of intercultural education on intercultural competence, and the Council of Europe’s call for teachers to take on a more central role in fostering the intercultural competence of learners, there is clearly a need for the development of educational tools and materials which can be used within educational settings to help teachers achieve this goal. The Council of Europe itself has already developed a number of toolkits and materials that ay be used towards this end, such as the Intercultural Learning T-Kit and the All Different All Equal Education Pack. These contain a large range of activities, methods and resources that can be u sed to enhance students’ intercultural competence. A further instrument that has recently been developed by the Council of Europe is the Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters (AIE), which is based on an explicit compositional model of intercultural competence derived from the work of Byram (1997) and the INCA project (2004). The AIE aims to foster the development of a number of components of intercultural competence (including respect for otherness, empathy, tolerance of ambiguity, behavioural flexibility, communicative awareness, skills of interpreting and relating, and critical cultural awareness) by supporting learners’ critical reflection on encounters with people from other cultures which they themselves have personally experienced. In addition, a companion tool, the Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters through Visual Media, is currently under development – this new tool is being designed to assist learners to reflect critically on specific images depicting people from other cultures which they have encountered in the media (for example, on television, in a film, on the Internet, etc. ). While all of these instruments make an important contribution to the range of materials that teachers can use for enhancing the intercultural competence of their students, there is a need for further materials to be developed, especially materials tailored specifically to the circumstances and requirements of the particular cultural settings in which students live. However, all such materials need to be formally evaluated for their effectiveness in actually bringing about change in learners. It is one thing to develop activities, methods and resources which both teachers and learners find satisfying to use within the classroom, but another to show that these actually bring about the desired developmental changes in learners. Thus, a further challenge for future research is the evaluation, using methodologically sound procedures, of the different materials which are available to teachers in the area of intercultural education. Given the significance of the intercultural approach for contemporary European societies, it is crucial that the choice of educational means is based on robust evidence concerning their effectiveness. Some Council of Europe resources for intercultural education Brander, P. , Cardenas, C. , de Vicente Abad, J. , Gomes, R. Taylor, M. (2004). All Different All Equal Education Pack Idea, Resources, Methods and Activities for Informal Intercultural Education with Young People and Adults (2nd edition). Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing. Byram, M. , Barrett, M. , Ipgrave, J. , Jackson, R. Mendez Garcia, M. C. (2009). Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing. Martinelli, S. Taylor, M. (Eds. ) (2000). Intercultural Learning T-Kit. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing. References Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Caligiuri, P. M. , Jacobs, R. R. Farr, J. L. (2000). The Attitudinal and Behavioral Openness Scale: Scale development and construct validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 27-46. Council of Europe (2008). White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. Strasbourg, France: Committee of Ministers, Council of Europe. Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266. INCA project (2004). http://www. incaproject. org/ Klak, T. Martin, P. 2003). Do university-sponsored international cultural events help students to appreciate ‘‘difference’’? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 445–465. Olson, C. L. Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5, 116-137. Pascarella, E. T. , Ediso n, M. , Nora, A. , Hagedorn, L. S. , Terenzini, P. T. (1996). Influences on students openness to diversity and challenge in the first year of college. The Journal of Higher Education, 67, 174-195. Spitzberg, B. H. Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed. ), The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 2-52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Straffon, D. A. (2003). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an international school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 487-501. 5 Zhai, L. Scheer, S. D. (2004). Global perspectives and attitudes toward cultural diversity among summer agriculture students at the Ohio State University. Journal of Agricultural Education, 45, 39-51. About the contributor Martyn Barrett is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Surrey, UK. He is a developmental and social psychologist but has a strong commitment to multidisciplinary research, and he is currently working with political scientists, anthropologists, sociologists, policy analysts and educationists. He works on processes of national and ethnic enculturation, the development of prejudice and stereotyping, the identifications and cultural practices of ethnic minority and mixed-heritage individuals, the development of the intercultural competences which are required for successful intercultural dialogue, and the development of political cognition, attitudes and active citizenship. He is currently leading an FP7 project funded by the European Commission entitled Processes Influencing Democratic Ownership and Participation (PIDOP), which is running from 2009-2012. He is also working as an expert advisor to the Council of Europe. He is Academic Director of the multidisciplinary Centre for Research on Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism (CRONEM) at the University of Surrey, and an Academician of the Social Sciences. Contact: m. [emailprotected] ac. uk URL: http://www. surrey. ac. uk/psychology/people/prof_martyn_barrett/

Free Essays on Hobbes And Locke Comparision

Similar to Hobbes, Locke starts his treatise by defining the concept of a state of nature. Their basic aim is to show the nature of man's existence before the establishment of the society and sovereign state and make a rational and reliable point for their philosophical enquiries. Starting from this point, both of them proceed to the abstraction of the human nature and constructed a theory of society. However unlike the very pessimistic state of nature understanding of Hobbes, the state of nature as described by Locke is quite optimistic where, all men are born equal and are free, subject to the laws of nature which dictate them, that man shouldn’t destroy himself or any other person due to his commitment to God to protect the life given by God. The only exception to this is against the men who break the law, since the law ones broke it is not any more state of nature but state of war, a more similar situation to the Hobbesian understanding. However, despite the common starting points of their theories, their approaches to the question of property are quite differentiated. Whereas Hobbes did not dealt with the question of property in detail except entrusting it to the Leviathan, Locke shows a great enthusiasm for explaining the origins of property. He refuses the arguments of theorists, who see the property as the natural right of the men. According to him, all men are born free and equal regardless of what generation they have been born into and, private property does not arise from consent to divide up original common property. For explaining the origins of property, he employs the concept of labor. Basically he argues that God gave the world to all men commonly to be used to preserve life and liberty, and therefore the objects of nature, which are labored by men, belong to him. Man has property of his own person and therefore owns his labor and thus the objects created by his labor belong to him as well. In the Locke’s underst... Free Essays on Hobbes And Locke Comparision Free Essays on Hobbes And Locke Comparision Similar to Hobbes, Locke starts his treatise by defining the concept of a state of nature. Their basic aim is to show the nature of man's existence before the establishment of the society and sovereign state and make a rational and reliable point for their philosophical enquiries. Starting from this point, both of them proceed to the abstraction of the human nature and constructed a theory of society. However unlike the very pessimistic state of nature understanding of Hobbes, the state of nature as described by Locke is quite optimistic where, all men are born equal and are free, subject to the laws of nature which dictate them, that man shouldn’t destroy himself or any other person due to his commitment to God to protect the life given by God. The only exception to this is against the men who break the law, since the law ones broke it is not any more state of nature but state of war, a more similar situation to the Hobbesian understanding. However, despite the common starting points of their theories, their approaches to the question of property are quite differentiated. Whereas Hobbes did not dealt with the question of property in detail except entrusting it to the Leviathan, Locke shows a great enthusiasm for explaining the origins of property. He refuses the arguments of theorists, who see the property as the natural right of the men. According to him, all men are born free and equal regardless of what generation they have been born into and, private property does not arise from consent to divide up original common property. For explaining the origins of property, he employs the concept of labor. Basically he argues that God gave the world to all men commonly to be used to preserve life and liberty, and therefore the objects of nature, which are labored by men, belong to him. Man has property of his own person and therefore owns his labor and thus the objects created by his labor belong to him as well. In the Locke’s underst...

Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent

Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent By Maeve Maddox Judaye Streett has asked for a tip on the similarly sounding words imminent, immanent, and eminent. Imminent is an adjective meaning about to happen. It comes from a Latin word meaning to overhang or to be near. Obamas court pick is imminent Pfizer Chief Says Growth Is Imminent PSPgo Relaunch is Imminent Bush Says No Imminent Decision on Guantanamo Similar in meaning to imminent is the word impending, literally, hanging over. Unlike imminent, impending has a negative, even ominous connotation. How do human beings react to the threat of impending catastrophe? Teachers appeal to AG to cancel impending dismissals Peter could not keep silent. He laid hold upon his Master, as if to draw Him back from His impending doom†¦ Anxiety symptoms Fear of impending doom The expression impending doom, meaning something bad about to happen has become such a clichà © as to be the name of at least two heavy metal bands. Immanent is an adjective meaning dwelling within. The word is most commonly used to describe a spiritual presence. It comes from a Latin word meaning to dwell within. Is there a hierarchy in the immanent Trinity? God is immanent in every form and whoever loves God must love Gods creation. Colossians 1:15:20 says: God has become immanent in Jesus Christ The word immanent has other applications in anthropology and mathematics. Sometimes even people writing about spiritual matters mix up immanent and imminent, as in these examples from a web site about the historical Jesus: [Jesus] did believe that this restoration [of a Jewish state] was immanent. Critical scholars argue that the high priest feared that Jesus talk of an immanent restoration of an independent Jewish state would likely spark a riot. Eminent means prominent, outstanding. It comes from a Latin word meaning to stand out or to project. Eminent people stand out from the herd because of their personal and professional qualities and achievements. In a literal sense of projecting, an eminence can be a hill or other high place that stands above its surroundings. The city squares by night are breathtaking when viewed from an eminence. BOOK REVIEW: An eminent Victorian disinterred UN Security Council Seeks an Eminent Individual for an Impossible Job The legal term eminent domain refers to the right of a government to appropriate private property for public use, paying just compensation to the owner. The public domain stands out from the private domain. The Alameda Theater and Cineplex in Alameda, CA, was built on property that was unjustly seized by the city through eminent domain laws. A new eminent domain law in Utah authorizes seizure of some of the federal governments vast land holdings. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Between vs. In BetweenCaptain vs. Master

International perspectives Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

International perspectives - Dissertation Example Some of the important models of inclusion education are described below (Anon., n.d.). Models of Inclusion Some of the important models of inclusion education are described below. The Teaming Model for Inclusion Education emphasises team work and has in place a special education teacher for every grade level team of teachers. This specialist teacher provides information, instruction strategies, revision ideas for tests and assignments, and strategies to promote acceptable behaviour in the class (Anon., n.d.). In the Co – Teaching Model for Inclusion Education, the special and general education teachers work together and teach the students by turns. This enables the learning experience to become important and tangible. This model prepares teachers, by means of student assessment, discipline, and instruction planning and delivery (Anon., n.d.). There are several obstacles to Inclusive Education; such as, negative attitudes, invisibility in the community and in school, cost, phys ical access to classrooms and facilities in the school, size of classes, impoverishment, discrimination on the basis of gender, and emergency and refugee situations (Anon., 2002). In the Adaptive Learning Environment Model (ALEM), special education students are integrated into the classroom. This model was propounded by Wang and is quite complicated. The objective of this model is to produce school learning environments that permit every student to acquire fundamental academic competency and enhance their confidence to address the intellectual and social requirements of school (Lazarus, 2010). In addition, this model is a blend of the following features. First, an exploratory learning component that includes an array of learning activities that are expected to enhance the capacity of the school to address the learning needs at the individual level. Second, a prescriptive learning component of hierarchically organised, highly structured learning activities (Leiding, 2009). Moreover, the ALEM model is characterised by instruction that is planned for the individual students. The pace of learning is adapted to the needs and capacities of the students. Classrooms in this model permit free movement and simultaneous activities. The learning content is sub – divided into small portions, in order to accommodate students with special needs. The students of this model have to plan and supervise their individual learning. In addition, they are made accountable for managing and completing their learning tasks in a timely manner (Lazarus, 2010). In general, inclusive education consists of isolating and discarding actual and latent sources of exclusion. This includes attaching importance to the opinion of stakeholders in the school community. It includes a philosophy of acceptance that respects and values all. The process of inclusion does not admit of culmination and it can be developed to gradually increasing degrees. Inclusion is the outcome of longstanding educati onal innovation and denotes improvement of schools at several levels for students (Gillies & Carrington, 2004). Inclusive education has to be viewed within the context of the policy relating to education. Undoubtedly, the UK Government adopts a qualified approach to inclusion, and this was disclosed by the Green Paper on Excellence for all Children (Department for Education and Employment, 1997).

Blackberry Strategic Management Dissection Research Paper - Stage 2

Blackberry Strategic Management Dissection - Stage 2 - Research Paper Example Blackberry, is among the major players in the communication industry, and must also not be left behind. In trying to remain competitive and relevant in the communication sector, Blackberry has so far developed and adopted various strategies which it tries to put in place. A strategy refers to an action or a set of plans that one uses in order to achieve one or more desired goals. Just from its vision and mission statement-of which vision is to offer solutions for global communication market including software products- the objective is to dominate the mobile computing marketplace of tablets and Smartphone. A strategy is therefore significant in order for it any firm to achieve its goals and objectives (Rumelt, 2011). Corporate strategy is mainly concerned with how the management of a given company provides clear directions for all its business units. This includes how the departments of the firm work together in order to achieve a given set of objectives of shareholders while ensuring that the value of the firm is also met (Cappelli, 1999). Some of the strategies are strategy of diversification. This is mainly concerned with how a firm can reduce risks that it is exposed to (Capon, Farley & Hulbert, 1987). Diversification can be when a firm introduces some new products and services for example Blackberry have introduced new services as enterprise services, messaging QNX embedded business and the devices business. Diversification has also seen Blackberry moved to different countries with varied levels of risks where they have even partnered with Faxconn to manufacture smartphones in Indonesia and also other rapidly growing markets. Diversification also has seen Blackberry reduce costs of producti on and at the same time increase on their market share as they can reach a greater number of people (Porter, 1996). Blackberry has also applied generic strategies. This is mainly concerned with extending in boundaries of the business by realizing synergies

Some wonderfull events in my life Essay Example for Free

Some wonderfull events in my life Essay Everybody in the world is pass from different and various events during his/her lives. I also observed and pass through the many events from my childhood up to present now. As I grow up I perceives knowledge form the education, nature, etc. He enjoys events or occasion, makes friends, etc. Friends are very important in ones life because friends are responsible to give shapes of ones life. I got a chance to live in a good life in a big city when my dad transferred to a city. I did my kinder garden in a small village of just 2000 population of people. Mostly villages are not as developed as large cities. I was like a poor village boy at that time, but as my dad got job in city it also proved helpful to me because I got a chance to live like a modern boy. Therefore this event of getting job led me to live in a good life. When I was in Middle school, I had a lot of friends in my school and near by my area too, as I was very successful in making a bad friends rather than good friends. In other words I learned those activities, which parents want to keep away from their kids. I learned to smoke, started drinking alcohol, harassing girls and started all those activities that were illegal at that time of my age. I did not study for my school and was failing in my subjects. However, I got rid of those bad friends as soon as I could, otherwise I do not think that I can be a good educated person in the society with the company of those friends. Actually after entering in to a new community, I made very good contacts with very bad people. Therefore, this event of making friends proved to be unsuccessful or bad for me. My last event is love event, which I encountered when I was in High school that proves to be very important and helpful in my life until now. I liked one girl in my school. She was my girlfriend for two long years. Those two years are considered among the best years of life. She is two years younger than me, but she was an A student and I was a B student. She is intelligent and always helped me in my study matter. She encouraged me to get good grades in exam. She became very happy if I get good grades and we always had a party after each exam in any subjects. Only because of her help I reached up to college otherwise if she did not meet me in High school, IÂ  could not even graduate from my High school. Everybody says that to have a girlfriend during college education is not a good thing, because if we have a girlfriend, we also need to spend time on them that cause an adverse effect on education especially if anybody is in professional school. However, according to me, it is depends on a how a girlfriend is. If she understands the importance of education and life, she helps a boy in achieving success. I am doing BS in Biochemistry and will going to transfer in Spring 2005. I can say that she was behind me to push me up to college, and even in future I need her to get my degree because she is the one who always encouraged me to do well. Therefore, this love event in my life proves to be very successful, and helpful in my life.

Free Great Gatsby Essays: Sensational, Blatant, Ugly and Pointless :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Many Flaws of The Great Gatsby There are a few, very rare, moments where Fitzgerald allows some insights in the characters of his novel, The Great Gatsby. These occasions should be marked red. Most of the time, the story annoys the reader with imaginary pictures of the Golden 20’s, which really were never that golden, or images of our hero, Gatsby. All the wonderful things that critics see in the story: the novel of manners, love, American Dream, and romance have been interpreted into the story long after the fact. There are some slight hints towards these topics, but they are not really developed by Fitzgerald (e.g. the love between J. Gatz and Daisy Fay). The missing relationship between Gatsby and Daisy is but one of the flaws of the novel. Fitzgerald shows a lack of care in developing Gatsby as a person of the "New Money", dreaming all the day, having and being tasteless in everything he has and is, in addition to being a criminal (though there ´s no real evidence for that), and developing Daisy as a character, coming from a well-known family "Old Money" and being not guilty ("white", to use Fitzgerald ´s riduculas color symbolism). It was just impossible for a mediocre writer like Fitzgerald was, to develop a relationship between such different persons (though they have one thing in common: their lack of taste). The Great Gatsby is an absurd story. One cannot consider this â€Å"masterpiece† as a love story - the only love is one by a shy daydreamer, admiring a lady from the upperclass and doing every possible stupid thing to get her, but who, after not having succeeded, becomes a "tragic hero". Just blindly applying ancient and worn storylines doesn’t make a good book. One cannot consider it as a plain record of lifestyle in the 20 ´s because it simply is not. To suppose that it is a symbol for the American Dream (which isn ´t dreamt by Americans only) it is just ridiculous. These things are not definable by some characters written on a virgin white (color symbolism !!!) sheet of paper. The same goes for those who consider The Great Gatsby as a romantic novel: Ripping off people who buy alcohol, accumulating that dark (color symbolism !!!) money and then filling a pool with it, just to impress a teen love is not very romantic in the opinion of most people.

John Steinbeck “Of Mice and Men” Character Analysis Essay

When all of the ranch hands went into town, Lennie, Crooks, Candy, and Curley’s wife were left behind. This was due to discrimination and prejudice. While the ranch hands were in town, the true similarities among the others really come out. One can see that they are left out and secluded due the fact that each one of them has either a physical or mental disability, or are considered trouble. In John Steinbeck’s novel, Lennie Small is a mentally handicapped man who traveled with George Milton. George had to speak for Lennie and do a lot of babysitting and thinking for him also. Crooks, the Negro stablebuck, had been injured when a horse kicked him. He had a hard time walking around because his back was hunched over and was very sore. With being a â€Å"nigger†, the boss had a room just for him in the barn. Candy, the swamper, is an old man who had his hand injured in an accident on the ranch, making him partially handicapped. This quote shows how Candy has become useless like his dog â€Å"the best damn sheep-dog I ever seen†. Curley’s wife is a young, flirty lady who is ignored by many of the ranchers because if they talk to her, they would get into trouble with Curley. Over the course of the novel, there is a lot of sexual prejudice towards Curley’s Wife. With the fact that she lived on a ranch where the majority of people were men, she tended to get very lonely. The quote from George â€Å"Ranch with a bunch of guys on it ain’t no place for a girl† is an example of the prejudice towards Curley’s wife. Another part of the sexual prejudice towards her is the fact that none of the ranch hands will talk to her. Overall the ranch hands don’t trust nor understand her. Some of the sexual prejudice she experienced was her fault, she scared the ranch hands with her femininity but she wasn’t really a tart, she just craved attention that she didn’t get from Curley. Being ignored by both the ranch hands and Curley she ended up very lonely, the one thing she wa nted most was to escape. When all things are considered, Lennie, Crooks, Candy, and Curley’s wife are all left out due to a disability or for being a possible wick to start a fire. Lennie has a mental disability that slows him down some on his thinking process. Nobody wanted Lennie to go into town because he might do something stupid. Crooks and Candy both have a physical disability. With their disabilities, the other ranchers see them as useless because Candy has no hand, and Crooks has a hunched back. The ranchers also exclude Crooks because he is a â€Å"nigger† and at that time period, â€Å"niggers† were still considered to be trash, even though slavery had been abolished. Curley’s wife is left out because of the fact that she is very flirty and if she was to come along, Curley would be very irate. Crooks, Candy, and Curley’s wife all suffer from discrimination and prejudice which creates loneliness and isolation for each one of them. They learn to deal with their loneliness by admiring Lennie and George’s friendship. Crooks experiences isolation due to the fact that the society he resided in was racist. â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t matter no difference who the guy is, longs he you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick† was the way Crooks found a personal connection with Lennie by letting him know he understands how he feels when George is gone. Another quote â€Å"Cause I’m black, they play cards in there but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, all of you stink to me† shows that Crooks would do anything to be accepted, but because of his color he has to refrain from the urge. Throughout the story, there is a lot of discrimination and prejudice. Lennie, Crooks, Candy, and Curley’s wife all deal with getting left out while living their lives. Their similarities really show when they aren’t able to go places and are excluded. At times when they were excluded, they came to one another to cope with their loneliness. Each one of them wanted someone to care about them, to own their own place, and to belong somewhere.

A person who influeneced me Essay

  When reflecting on personal influences in my life, no one has had a greater impact than my father. He is and always continues to be a positive role model as a father. He always stands by my side, and whenever I fall down, he encourages me to stand up by myself and on my own feet. He has a huge impact on the way I become a person today. He has influenced my life by teaching me the lessons and showing me the right behavior and wrong behaviors In the description of my father. It is evident that language and language diversity plays a large role in critical thinking and expressions. Creative writers have the power to make the ordinary unique and the unique ordinary. My father taught me the most important lesson: how to be a man. I still remembered the day that my father sat next to me and said that â€Å"Listen son, the most important thing to help you become the successful person is your honesty. Never lie to anyone and never lie to yourself†. Read more:  Essay the person I admire is my mother After saying that, he slowly explained the value of honesty. He showed me that every bad situation in the world began with a lie. When a person steals something, he lies to the law, or when a husband cheats on his wife, he lies to his wife. My father often tells me that being a man means facing the truth. I always think back on those words when I get into trouble. My father’s teachings were a cure for my selfishness. He taught me to consider everyone as a part of my family and taught me how to love people by sharing and giving. I believe that the biggest fantasy in life is to buy someone something he really needs and watch his facial expression. From my place I am thankful for everything he taught me. He taught me things that I need or was going to in life. I am what I am because of him and whatever I will achieve in my life will be credited to him. I believe that my father will always be with me even after his soul leaves his body; he will be there through his teachings that I believe are my duty to pass on to my children.

Argumentative Essay Sample on Death Penalty Pros and Cons

Argumentative Essay Sample on Death Penalty Pros and Cons Just like the debate on the legalization of marijuana, the death penalty has elicited mixed feelings on all the citizens globally. There are those who strongly argue that capital offenders must be sentenced to death. In America, for example, crime has become a national disaster. What makes the matter worse is that incarceration has done very little to correct wayward behavior. In the recent past, national authorities have embraced correctional policies in a bid to persuade citizens to stop engaging in criminal activities. When viewed from this lens, one may contend that the death penalty is the sole sure way of deterring would-be criminals from capital crime. On the other continuum of this dilemma are civil rights bodies and humanitarian groups. Everybody understands that the human life is sacred and that it should be treated as such. In addition to this, every national constitution has a universal clause that seeks to protect human life. In consideration of this truth, it emerges that the death penalty is neither advantageous nor prejudicial. Common dissertations written by students take the form of persuasive essay on death penalty: the pros and cons. When writing such an essay, one must provide a background into the topic. The next step is to take a position, either to support or refute the notion of imposing death penalty. The reasons for the position taken must be provided. This is followed by a counter argument, with supporting reasons. For illustration purposes, a brief persuasive essay on this topic is as follows: Serious offenses like murder and rape generally attract a death penalty. It is perceived that in executing death penalty, serious offenses are denounced. There cannot be denying the fact that crime is highly prevalent in modern societies. This leaves innocent citizens with profound fear of robbery attacks, beastly rapes, and murders. More often than not, for example, the victims of horrible rapes are children and elderly women. The pain of losing a loved one or a close colleague to violent robbers and murderers is so unbearable that one wishes the perpetrators could be hanged. It is very worrying that the people who commit these heinous crimes have been in and out jail severally. Thus, it helps very little if the court system keeps sentencing a serial murderer to imprisonment. Imposing a death penalty will clean all killers and rapists from the society. It might sound irreligious to sentence an offender to death; disobedience to laws is denounced in all religions. Therefore, if a person does not have respect for life, then why should others respect his/her life? Is it okay to see our young girls lose their dignity to insufferable criminals who have no justification for the acts they commit? Let every one be answerable for his or her actions. There is need to comprehend that a death penalty might be the only effective way of portraying crime as serious. Let the government do what it deems effective for the security of its citizens.

How to Report Child Pornography

How to Report Child Pornography It is illegal to own and/or create child pornography in the United States. Child pornography is generally defined as sexualized photos or videos of children under 18 or of children under the age of 18 performing sexual acts. What to Do If You Encounter Child Porn   If you encounter child pornography either online or through the U.S. mail, here is how you can report the crime to the proper authorities. If you encounter child pornography on the Internet, you can report the site address to your Internet Service Provider and your local or state FBI or Customs office listed in your telephone directory. You can also report child pornography online by forwarding the site address to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) at cybertipline.com. NCMEC will forward your report to the appropriate investigative agency for follow-up. To collect the address (or URL) of a child-pornography website, click on the address in your browsers address bar to highlight (select) the address. Then hold down the Control key and click on the C key to copy the address. You can then paste the address into a text file or email message by holding down the Control key and hitting the V key. Porn in the Mail There is no free speech, First Amendment protection for child pornography. Pornographic pictures of children are not constitutionally protected speech. Such pictures are evidence of the sexual exploitation of children. If the pictures are sent through the U.S. Mail, it is a violation of federal law. If you have information about the use of the U.S. Postal Service to send child pornography, contact the U.S. Postal Inspection Service listed in the white pages of your local telephone directory. More information may be obtained at the U.S. Postal Inspection Agency web page. Why You Should Report Child Pornography If you happen upon an image of child porn online you may think theres no point in reporting it because the image could have come from anywhere in the world so how could police possibly track down anyone involved in its creation. But, youd be wrong. Investigators for the FBI are skilled at the type of forensic investigation required  to track down the people producing these horrible images. For example, there have been cases where investigators used wallpaper and bedsheets to identify the hotel being used by a ring of child pornographers. By reporting child pornography when you see it youre raising the chances that a child could be saved or of helping supply evidence needed to put someone who hurts children behind bars.

Interpersonal Conflict in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpersonal Conflict in Film - Essay Example tales being linked together, surprisingly, the director somehow manages to make the whole plot gel together to form an outstanding collage of significant chronicles and to convey a positive message for its audience. Crash is basically an analogy of the inter-racial conflict that exists in the American society. A crash or a collision by definition happens when there is a conflict in people’s individual beliefs and ideas. What makes Crash exceptional is that it is far from predictable – â€Å"we understand quickly enough who the characters are and what their lives are like, but we have no idea how they will behave, because so much depends on accident† (Ebert, 2005). What is worth noting, however, is that there are actually several portions of the film where interpersonal conflict was not handled effectively. This paper will focus on only one of the more intense interpersonal conflicts depicted in this film. The character this essay will be focused on is Cameron Thayer, a role portrayed by Terrence Howard. Cameron is a director for a television program, and he and his wife, become the subject of a policeman’s acts of prejudice against blacks. While driving home one night from work, Cameron’s Navigator is pulled over by two police officers, and due to his wife’s misconduct – being drunk, behaving argumentatively and not following orders – Christine (Cameron’s wife), is molested in front of him by LAPD officer John Ryan. Cameron does not do anything while she is being violated, and this act of not doing anything becomes the subject of the interpersonal conflict between Cameron and Christine. The conflict between the couple was unavoidable because at the time of the occurrence, Christine was drunk and acting impulsively. Before the molesting incident, Cameron tried to practice placating (Sole, 2011, p. 200) to avoid the situation from getting worse. She was uncontrollable, however, thus causing the way that the police officer treated her. This is not

The Transformation Change in British Airways Case Study

The Transformation Change in British Airways - Case Study Example Divisional al differences were very evident taking into consideration that there were two chairmen, different set of executives, and detached marketing strategies.  Divisional differences were very evident taking into consideration that there were two chairmen, different set of executives, and detached marketing strategies.   2. These were the issues faced by BA in order to survive and to be a competitive player in the airline industry.   In terms of the change order, it can be inferred that the second-order change was implemented as evidenced by their significant reengineering of business focus and strategic direction. Previously, BA was very product-oriented and their main concern was â€Å"flying the British flag†. Their initiative was more on engineering,  and increasing plane routes in Europe. They forgot the critical importance of customers in the equation hence customer dissatisfaction became synonymous with the name BA. In contrast, the new direction taken by L ord John King and Mr. Collin Marshall gave more emphasis on the human aspect of business embodied in the universal term called customer service and satisfaction. These efforts fundamentally altered the way of thinking and doing business in BA.   3. Culture and people played the major levers used to effect the new direction. On the side, systems lever was also re-engineered to put more emphasis on service marketing and reward systems. The important first step was to break the previous product-oriented culture and to infuse the value of customer service as the new way of doing business. Several programs were implemented and very notable was PPF or Putting People First wherein employees were trained to gauge customer service in different perspectives and different settings. This helped employees to be emphatic in implementing the customer service efforts initiated by BA. As an offshoot of this program, several agenda like MPF (Managing People First), A Day in the Life, Brainwaves, To Be the Best, and Awards for Excellence were introduced with the objective of enforcing the significance of customer satisfaction and rewarding those who implement the programs religiously.

The Skeletal System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Skeletal System - Assignment Example The appendicular skeleton, on the other hand, as the name implies, consists of the appendages, which include the upper limbs and the lower limbs. The upper limbs include the humerus, the radius and ulna, and the carpals and metacarpals. The lower limbs include the femur, the tibia, the fibula, the tarsals, and the metatarsals. Other components of the appendicular skeleton include the shoulder girdles, consisting of the scapulae and the collar bones, or clavicles, and the pelvic girdle, made up of the coxal or hip bones, which include the ilium, ischium and pubis. The appendicular skeleton functions for helping the various joints of the body perform better and make the body run in a smoother fashion. The appendicular skeleton too functions for movement, locomotion and the performance of any tasks done by the arms, hands, legs and feet (â€Å"Axial and Appendicular Skeleton†). Detailed Functions of the Skeleton The functions of the skeleton include providing support for soft tissues, production of red blood cells, storage of minerals and lipids, and coordination of the muscular system to effect movement and support for the body, in order to carry out the will of the individual concerning any activity that requires physical movements (â€Å"The Skeletal System† 2013). As for support and physical movement, the structure of the bone in the form of a tubular shape with a hard and dense circumference and a hollow center is the one that efficiently and effectively affords maximum support for the body. ... As for support and physical movement, the structure of the bone in the form of a tubular shape with a hard and dense circumference and a hollow center is the one that efficiently and effectively affords maximum support for the body. Moreover, in terms of the protective support that it gives the soft organs, the skull protects the brain; the rib cage and sternum protect the lungs and the heart; and the pelvis and the pelvic girdle provide protection for the reproductive system. In terms of movement, the bones provide anchorage for the muscles. The origin is where the muscle is fixed to a bone, and the insertion is the moving point of attachment. Finally, still in terms of the movement function, bones meet other bones at joints in order to allow varying degrees of movement (â€Å"The Skeletal System – Introduction† 2013). Another function of the skeletal system, particularly the bone marrow, is to carry out hematopoiesis, or the process by which a single type of stem cell gives rise to all types of mature red blood cells in the body. In the adult human being, this is carried out by the bone marrows of the skull, and those of the ribs, sternum, vertebra, pelvis, and the proximal ends of the thigh bones or femurs (Ownby 2002). In terms of the storage of minerals and lipids, the bone is where several metabolically active minerals are stored, especially calcium, which is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium is essential in regulating the intracellular activities of muscle cells and neurons. Moreover, lipids are stored in the yellow marrow of the bone. These lipids are essential in the regulation of body heat, for providing heat, and as a structural component of cell membranes (â€Å"Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure† 2013). 1.3 Structure of Bone Tissue

Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment

Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment ABSTRACT In many organizations there is an increase in the requirement to carry on emotional labour. Hochschild (1983) argues that these emotional demands have negative effects physically and psychologically. Management evaluations in the Bahamas focus on job satisfaction and not encompassing the employees psychological well being. This study measured emotional labour under the parameters of surface acting, deep acting and burnout via socio-demographics with the method of questionnaire survey. The results showed 1) significance in one of the social demographics for surface acting, 2) no significance for deep acting, and 3) all social demographics showed significance towards burnout. Key words: Surface Acting, Deep Acting, Burnout Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment Introduction The strength of the hospitality industry is not only getting a job done, but also involves getting the work done with the correct attitude, with the correct degree of authenticity, and with the correct amount of concern for guests. Every organization in the hospitality industry expects that their employees, while interacting with customers, to exhibit certain types of emotions such as friendliness, cheerfulness, warmth, enthusiasm, or confidence. Tourism together with tourism-driven construction and manufacturing accounts for approximately 60% of The Bahamas Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and directly or indirectly employs half of the archipelagos labour force. Prior to 2006, a steady growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences led to solid GDP growth but since the tourism receipts have begun to drop off. The global recession in 2009 took a sizeable toll on The Bahamas, resulting in a contraction in GP and a widening budget deficit. Overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on the fortunes of the tourism sector (CIA-The World Factbook, 2011, para. 5). In light of this, it is essential that the service rendered by the Bahamian people continues and remains exceptional. Because the interaction between the service provider and customer is the central part of a service experience that affects a customers perception of service quality, it is essential for managers or employers to control or manage employees behavior or emotional expressions to guarantee service quality. Being able to exercise self-control is a key component. However, it cannot be assumed that the employee is always going to be in a good mood. Situations will arise that will bring about negative emotions such as annoyance, anger etc. Imagine being told that one of your colleagues has just passed away. Immediately after learning this information, a guest needs some assistance specifically from you. Or even more so a guest has a bad attitude for whatever reason and decides to spit on you. What should you do? What reaction should you have? An employees emotional reaction is no longer a private experience, but a public act that is controlled by his or her employer. Rules for emotional display are developed, and training programs are mandatory. Hochschild (1983), who was the first to hone in on the effects of emotional work on flight attendants, describes this type of conflict to be emotional labour emotional job demands and emotional strategies necessary to control these demands. It was discovered that emotional labour weight could be classified into five requirements and one stressor. These would be the display of positive emotions, negative emotions, neutrality, sensitivity, and sympathy. The stressor, emotional dissonance, is then what is demanded when these particular emotional requirements are not met. Hochschild (1983) used the description of a drama-where work setting is an act from a movie or play, the customers/guests are the audience, and the individual employees are actors with rules governing how to interact with the customers/guests. At first glance, it may seem that this task should not be a difficult one to perform. It has been argued that displaying positive emotions have a positive effect on the individual. There are three acting techniques researchers have recommended that service employees carry out emotional labor using (Hochschild, 1983; Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). The first is -surface acting- described as the altering of ones external facade to suggest the appropriate or desired emotion-not necessarily personally felt. The second technique is -deep acting- described as a change of not only the external persona, but also the inner mind-set; done through utilizing empathy or sympathy. The final acting technique is -genuine acting- that happens when the employees felt emotions are harmonious with spoken emotions. In many organizations there is an increase in the requirement to carry on emotional labour. The service industry is one where participants are expected to provide exceptional and flawless behaviour. The expectancy to compartmentalize ones personal feelings and serve seems easy enough. Management expects that a service employees first and upmost responsibility is to the client and anything that comes in-between is secondary. Hochschild (1983) argues that these emotional demands have negative effects physically and psychologically. Management evaluations in the Bahamas focus on job satisfaction and not encompassing the employees psychological well being. The existing research conducted on emotional conflict and dissonance; adds vital information to the general body of knowledge. Notably, as the Bahamas number one industry is tourism, indicating a large portion of the population engages in the provision of service. There has been no study has been conducted in the Bahamas in this area. The purpose of this study is to measure employees attitudes towards emotional labour. The essential assumption is that employees attitudes are critical factors in the formation of the professed positive or negative consequence of performing emotional labor. Particularly, at what levels are emotional labour conducted via surface acting, deep acting, and the effect that it has on service workers, and its associated burnout consequence? The hypothesis is that employees attitudes are vital factors in determining the apparent positive or negative outcome of performing emotional labor. It is expected that the findings of this study can contribute not only to the existing body of literature on emotional labor, but also assist managers and others in the service industry to better understand the impact of job demands on employees. It could also assist them with employing ways to assist their employees when coping with certain conflicting situations. The research objective will be addressed by the following hypotheses: H1a: There is no relationship between gender and surface acting. H1b: There is no relationship between gender and deep acting. H1c: There is a relationship between gender and burnout. H2a: There is a relationship between age and surface acting. H2b: There is a relationship between age and deep acting. H2c: There is a relationship between age and burnout. H3a: There is a relationship between industry experience and surface acting. H3b: There is no relationship between industry experience and deep acting. H3c: There is a relationship between industry experience and burnout. H4a: There is a relationship between department and surface acting. H4b: There is no relationship between department and deep acting. H4c: There is a relationship between department and burnout. Previous studies on emotional labour placed emphasis on the service industry employees attitudes towards emotional labour as a collective, not specifically by this demographical assessment. The return rate on the surveys was lower than would have been preferred; however, the assessment was conducive for this study. Review of Literature Todays business environment can be described as turbulent; one that has scarce resources where you are expected to do more with less (Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008). There is intense competitive pressure and rapid rates of technological changes. One central part of the service industry is the social interaction with customers or guests. Due to the enlargement of the service industry and growing competition, the demand on emotional labour and self control is high. As with any social contact, the obligation to control ones emotions plays a vital role (Zapf and Holz, 2006). In times past the behaviour of employees, the way they responded to employers, fellow employees and customers was not taken into account in a serious way as the work environment was a place where their personal feelings were to be left outside the workplace (Grandey, 2000). Many researchers have praised Hochschilds 1983 study investigating the work of flight attendants, showing that a substantial part of the job was dealing with the passengers and their emotions, to which the term emotional labor is attributed to (Aleshinoye and Karatepe, 2008; Diestel and Schmidt, 2006; Lewig and Dollard, 2003; Tracy, 2005; Zapf and Holz, 2006). Emotional labour involves diverse emotions; whether it is enhancing, faking or suppressing emotions to modify the emotional expression. Conjointly, emotions are governed in response to the display rules for the organization. The notion of emotional labour which is considered a prospective force of customers emotional position and subsequent valuation of service interactions, refers to the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (Morris Fieldman, 1996; Karatepe and Aleshinoye, 2008; Brotheridge (2002)). The differentiating requirements of emotional labour are (Zapf, Vogt, Seifert, Mertini, and Isic, 1999): (1) the necessity to exude positive emotions (PE), (2) the necessity to exude and handle negative emotions (NE), (3) the necessity to exude sensitivity emotions (SE), and (4) the emotional dissonance felt (ED). The literature on service work highlights the increasing importance of image so that service work ers must be in-perceptively conceptualized as cultural sign vehicles. In recent years, there has been enlarged dialogue of emotions in an organizational context (Sturdy, 2003), enabled by a rising view of emotions as evaluative judgments. An example of this can be seen in the tourism industry of the Bahamas. In the tourism industry, the hospitality product is one of service. One must be friendly, courteous and helpful. The success of this industry depends on customer satisfaction. It is unlike other industries as it is unpredictable (Kusluvan, 2003). The creation of a successful tourism product is based on a duel partnership between the country catering to the tourism and the tourist who visits that country (Dijk and Kirk, 2007). To achieve this unblemished service, employees who are in everyday face-to-face interactions with clients are required to do emotional labour. Schneider (2010) describes it to be ones ability to adapt to change in ones demeanor in order to achieve the best results whether success is achieved or not. It was felt that depending on the cliental, those who work in customer service should be able to adapt to the emotion that would be most effective to meet the needs of the organization (Grandey, 2 000). The emotional labour offered by employees is of vital importance when the aim and goal of the employer is to provide such an experience where both the visitor and the customer would develop an appreciation not only to share with others but would have them returning again and again (Dijk and Kirk, 2007). The appearance of the suitable emotion during face-to-face exchanges is a job requirement for many employees in the service industry. Ruz and Tudela (2010) states that ones state of mind is an essential component in how we relate to each other. We know that if we present ourselves in a positive way we will experience positive results. However, we should be careful as there are persons who can pretend to be positive at times but in truth can display negative actions from time to time causing conflict. It is a strange phenomenon but it has been observed that the behaviour of some persons differ in the job environment as oppose to their private lives (Kusluvan, 2003). At the interaction level, the emotional labour can be seen as a gauge of either positive or negative social relations with customers, while the conceptual level relates to the mechanisms that process the emotional work notion. The latter is more controllable and in some cases becomes an amusing experience for employees who structure emotional labour as a strategic exchange. Dis-identification can seemingly aid emotional labour. This usually occurs in conjunction with accomplishment of ones work when it is ambiguous (Tracy, 2005). According to Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) there are three modes of acting, surface acting, active deep acting and passive deep acting. Surface acting occurs when employees falsify their emotions by altering their outer conduct/performance to match the organizational display rules while private feelings continue to be unchanged. Active deep acting occurs when employees have to put forth effort to control emotions by regulating their expressive behaviors and inner feelings. Passive deep acting occurs when employees may involuntarily feel emotions needed for a particular situation. The processes of surface acting (managed observed expressions) and deep acting (managing feelings) coincides with the working definitions of emotional labor as a process of emotional regulation, and they provide a useful way of engaging emotional labor. Ideally, employers would prefer that employees leave their problems outside the workplace. However, as human beings this is not always achieved. If there are differences in how these two processes of emotion management relate to the outcomes, suggestions can be made for organizational training and stress management programs. For the most part, employers, have in place various programs, counseling, fund raising for example, to assist employees to cope with stress. In doing so, it is hoped that employees are more likely to be efficient. Showing compassion in the workplace can be a win-win situation (Frost, Dutton, Worline and Wilson, 2000). In spite of the fact that some customers may be insolent, employers expectation of their employee s is that they display professionalism by displaying tolerance and offering help under all circumstances (Schneider, 2010). Grandey (2000) supports this, stating that when organizational desired results are not achieved, various training programs are conducted by employers in order to destabilize those negative behavioral responses associated with various negative emotions. However, training is only one aspect to enhance behaviour in the workplace. It is important that employees respond to customers in a courteous and pleasant way no matter what the employee may be experiencing on a given day. Again, this response is not always suitable as there are some jobs where employees are expected to demonstrate a more aggressive type of response in order to achieve the desired effect (Nunan and Knox, (2005). Yang and Chang (2008) found that emotional labour should be measured using five dimensions emotional display rule (EDR), surface acting (SA), deep acting (DA), variety of emotions required (VER), frequency and duration of interactions (FDI). Emotional labour was measured with a slightly modified scale utilizing a 7-point Likert Scale. Particularly, the EDR was the level at which employees reported that their emotional displays were restricted by their jobs. The study also took under consideration the socio-demographic variables examined, including age, gender, employment and marital status. Grandey (2003) states that when considering ratings it is felt that the higher ratings should be accredited to the deep acting which is the display of genuine emotions as oppose to surface acting. Dijk and Kirk (2007) describe emotional display rules as rules that require employees to manipulate their emotions in order to achieve goal for a promised award such as an increment. On the other hand w hen they fail to meet the required goal of the organization they can very well encounter disciplinary action. Hochschild (1983) claimed that the way persons conduct emotional labor is predisposed by an assortment of individual and situational characteristics. Seldom is emotional labor formulated as having an interior source of inconsistency, one that is thoughtful of the continuing condition of the person as opposed to being a creation of the circumstances. The individual difference approach to emotional labor involves the measurement of individual dispositions and the supposition that these measures can assist in explaining individual attitudes and performance (Staw Ross, 1985). It can then be understood that persons can be characterized into certain proportions, that these proportions have some constancy over time, and that these dimensions are useful in predicting individual behavior across situations (Staw Ross, 1985). It is proposed that individual characteristics influence the individuals performance of emotional labor through different acting mechanisms, and result in different outc omes. The basic assumption is that, persons with different dispositions evaluate the same emotional display rules differently. A complication in providing emotional labour is increased in employees with restricted backing for power (Tracy, 2005). Zapf and Holz (2006) make reference to Hochschilds argument that conducting emotional labour for long periods of time would overburden the service providers capability to show the preferred emotions. The employee would continue to smile, but the feeling would not be in it. This inconsistency is what is labeled as emotional dissonance. The kind of circumstances that end up in emotional dissonance can easily occur in service interactions. This is because the inconsistent temperament of service delivery as much depends on the situational factors involved such as the employees feelings on that particular day or stressful interactions with demanding or difficult customers. It is difficult, in many instances, to determine that the behaviour of individuals in terms of whether their actions are natural or programmed (Kusluvan, 2003). Lewig and Dollard (2003), states that emotional dissonance subsequently results in depression, low self-worth, despondency and withdrawal from the job. There are times when employees are placed in situations where their emotions are tested and tried by those in administration. These experiences can be taxing on ones health and as a result, leave them drained. In addition, employees become demoralized to the point where those they are expected to service suffer as they are unable to perform their duties in a satisfactory manner (Grandey, 2000). Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) noted that employees who are in frontline service jobs are vulnerable to emotional dissonance. They noted that the incongruence between felt and displayed emotions captures two modes of surface acting and passive deep acting which are at the opposite ends of a scale. It also pointed out that emotional dissonance and/or emotional exhaustion may give increase to negative job outcomes such as job performance or job d issatisfaction. Zapf and Holz (2006) further state that the reaction to emotional demands in service work is described as burnout: a syndrome that consists of depersonalization, exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. Because surface acting consists of faking ones expressions; pretending to have certain feelings that do not exist. This alone is stressful and can prove to cause one to become detached from ones true feelings and those of others. In addition it can also bring about lack of ones personal achievement especially if the customers were not impressed (Brotheridge, 2002). The long-run effect would lead to psychological ill heath brought about by alienating personal feelings. Lewig and Dollard (2003) further express that the felt emotions and displayed emotions experienced within dissonance can lead to dysfunctional emotional labour for a worker. Tracy (2005) describes the declaration of an elected identity elucidated emotional labour. This identity is constantly reconditioning but it is not real. Kusluvan (2003) expresses that one has to have a keen insight into the behaviour of persons as they are not always authentic. Grandey (2003) discovered that there are ways in which one can determine whether ones emotional display is genuine or not. For example, a smile also known as a Duchenne smile by looking at which muscle around the eye is being used. However it is not clear whether this is so with a faked smile and whether they influence observers in a negative way. Depersonalization is said to be the tendency to treat clients like objects and too change into an unsympathetic behaviour with regard to clients. Because deep acting is closer to actual genuine feelings the chances are that the expectation is that there would be a lower level of depersonalization and that one would experience more personal achievement (Brotheridge, 2002). Exhaustion measures the feeling of the burnout. While personal accomplishment includes the position of having the capability to carry out functions and skills to meet personal goals on the job. Emotional exhaustion is preempted by emotional dissonance. It has been debated that the role conflict is identical with emotional dissonance and proceeds emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance as a result leading to unhappiness with a job is foreseen through individuals (Ludwig and Dollard, 2003). Zapf and Holz (2006) make it clear that the need to display negative emotions should not be misconstrued as letting out ones personal negative emotions. Instead, the restrained expression of anger may be used to make plain that one is critically affected by something or one is taking something seriously. Lewig and Dollard (2003) found that while the display of positive or negative emotions as well as sensitivity requirements, are not necessarily stressful. However, they may become so, through emotional dissonance. Zapf and Holz (2006) state, that the explanation for the positive and negative effects of emotional labour on burnout can be divided into two levels: interaction and conceptual. Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) found that negative affectivity is positively related to emotional dissonance and exhaustion and that these were consistent with the perception mechanism. They concluded that the face-to-face service providers emotional exhaustion, as they hypothesized, was positively related to emotional dissonance. Yang and Chang (2008) found that EDR was significantly correlated with all job satisfactions subscales as well as the organizational commitments subscale; and interestingly they found no significant relationship between VER and job satisfaction. Lewig and Dollard (2003) discovered that when service workers are given the means by which he or she can manage effective and developing interaction, thereby providing them with a greater sense of self worth, emotional labour becomes functional. Interactions with customers are favorable due to optimism and emotional stability by introducing a barrier between them and the associated emotion. In contrast, it was pointed out that employees experiencing emotional dissonance on a continuous basis lose their scanty resource reservoir and are faced with emotional exhaustion, which gives rise to substantial costs for organizations. This was in spite of the fact that service with a smile was seen as an established job requirement during the selection of new employees in service (Karatepe and Aleshinoye, 2008). Their results also confirmed that emotional dissonance partially mediates the effect of built-in motivation on emotional exhaustion. But consistent with the COR (Conservation of Resourc es) theory where persons seek to acquire, maintain and preserve certain resources, employees with built-in motivation may cope with emotional dissonance, and, as a result protect themselves from emotional exhaustion. Ruz and Tudela (2010) found that persons made more errors and took a longer time completing tasks when the emotions displayed by a customer did not agree with their natural feelings. Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) also found in their study that there are employees who are vulnerable to high emotional dissonance. These employees try to concentrate more on their job-related duties and responsibilities in order to protect themselves from experiencing further emotional dissonance to ensure that they perform effectively in the organization. The school of thought here is that emotional dissonance does not have any bearing on job performance. In order to maximize the skills and abilities of employees, it is imperative that employers evaluate those skills and abilities with the view of assigning employees appropriately (Bailey and McClough, 2000). Pugh (2001) emphasizes that organizations would do well to recognize and appreciate the importance of the emotions of their employees because their emotions can make or break their business. Dijk and Kirk (2007), further states that employees must be mindful of the type of environment they provide not only for the tourist that visit their establishment, but also for the persons they employ to perform as there are times when stress can get out of hand. Methodology This study is quantitative in nature, seeking to measure service employees attitudes towards emotional labour, specifically, surface acting, deep acting and the consequence of burnout. The parameter of this study is limited to the hospitality industry; this section describes the sample and sample selection, instrument, procedure and analysis. Sample Sample Selection A sample size calculator publically serviced by Creative Research Systems online was used to produce the sample size. The population: one hundred and sixty-five (165) employees who work at a timeshare resort, using a confidence level of 95% generated the sample size of one hundred and sixteen (116). The sampling parameters focus only on those guest-contact (face-to-face or voice-to-voice) employees who perform emotional labor on a daily basis. The guest-contact employees included in this purposed study are those who work in the Front Office, Concierge, Housekeeping, Engineering and Sales departments. Entry-level employees and middle managers were included in the sample, senior management was not. Criteria for being a participant: Participants must be full-time employees Participants have to be guest-contact employees (face-to-face or voice-to-voice) Procedure A meeting was held with the General Manager (GM) of the timeshare resort to initially introduce and seek permission to conduct this study. After which, the GM was formally presented with a copy of the research proposal and a formal letter requesting permission for the administration of the survey. Permission was granted and the managers of the various departments were notified and advised to inform their respective departments about the administration of the surveys. The surveys were personally distributed and monitored over a three (3) day period. Potential participants were approached and asked to partake in the study; consent was gained from each participant. Each employee was briefed that they could withdraw from the survey at any time. The participants details were anonymous and were only identifiable by gender, age, industry experience and departments. Employees attitudes are critical factors in the formation of the professed positive or negative consequence of performing emotional labor. Particularly, at what levels are emotional labour conducted via surface acting, deep acting, and the effect that it has on service workers, and its associated burnout consequence? This question was addressed by the following hypotheses: H1a: There is no relationship between gender and surface acting. H1b: There is no relationship between gender and deep acting. H1c: There is a relationship between gender and burnout. H2a: There is a relationship between age and surface acting. H2b: There is a relationship between age and deep acting. H2c: There is a relationship between age and burnout. H3a: There is a relationship between industry experience and surface acting. H3b: There is no relationship between industry experience and deep acting. H3c: There is a relationship between industry experience and burnout. H4a: There is a relationship between department and surface acting. H4b: There is no relationship between department and deep acting. H4c: There is a relationship between department and burnout Instrument. A self administered survey was used to collect the data. The overall design was a survey constructed with the influence of the extensive literature review. A five point Likert scale was used with the options of Always (5) to Never (1) accompanied each question. There were no verbal labels for scale points 2 through 4; this indicated the equal interval of one between them within the range 5 and 1. Emotional labour was measured by Q6, Q7, and Q11; surface acting was measured by Q8, Q9, Q11 and Q12. Deep acting was measured by Q13, Q14 and Q15, and burnout was measured by Q16, Q17 and Q18.  [1]   With the use of a convenient employee sample approach to collect data, there were some constraints in terms of this studys sample requirements as 116 surveys were attempted, only 64 surveys were adequately completed and admissible for analysis. The data was then analyzed was carried out in each socio demographic (gender, age, industry experience and department) using the t-test and single factor ANOVA analysis. The t-test was carried out to compare the means of each participant for either questionnaire to check the questionnaire was reliable over time. When multiple t-tests are conducted a significance problem develops and reduces validity. The ANOVA analysis overcomes this problem by detecting the differences as a whole. Findings and Analysis The demographics of the study sample indicated that 45.31% of the respondents were female and 54.69% were male. All of the respondents had industry experience of at least 1 year, and most of them had more than ten years experience (39.06%). Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis means, standard deviations, variances and skewedness of variables used in this study. Table 1 Means, Standard Deviations, Variances, Skewedness M SD V Emotional Labor 3.99 1.35 1.84 Surface Acting 3.61 1.55 2.40 Deep Acting 3.50 1.40 1.97 Burnout 2.90 1.53 2.34 The total sample (n=64) averaged the experienced of emotional labour at 3.99 (SD=1.35), surface acting at 3.61 (SD=1.55), deep acting at 3.50 (SD=1.40) and burnout at 2.90 (SD=1.53); each mean out of a possible 5. This shows that the majority of the responses were close to the respective means. Individual T tests were used to analyze the differences of surface acting, deep acting and burnout amongst the demographics. The means from the total sample for SA=3.17, DA=3.3