Preparing A Career Development Plan Essay

1. What are some of the possible reasons Scott did not seek or receive advice from her immediate supervisor? Some of the possible reasons Scott did not seek or receive advice from her immediate supervisor are because of the work relation with them. When you look for help and advice it can be hard at times to go to a person who is your boss and in charge of you. Most of the times the work relationships between a worker and there boss is not as peers but as a leader. It is hard to seek advice from someone who is not viewed as a peer. It makes it easier for her to talk to Elizabeth Burroughs because she is a manager but not in charge of her. Scott therefore has an easier time seeing Burroughs as a peer. Another reason why Scott could have a tough time going to her boss could be because her boss would discourage her from moving on because she is good at her job and her boss wouldn’t want to see her leave. 2. After reviewing the chapter, suggest all possible ways that Scott can prepare her-self for career advancement. Scott can prepare her-self for career advancement by, first identifying career opportunities and requirements. Once that is done she should identify and recognize different career paths. When considering she should think of places with boundaryless career opportunities. This is so she does not get stuck in a position where she can no longer move up and plateau. Other things that she can do to productively prepare herself are, taking career planning workshops, career counseling and mentoring. One of the most important things that she needs to do is network herself to have great support, and connections.

Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Chapter 3: General attitudes predict general behavior 3. Accessibility Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Attitudes: Evaluative Statements (fav. or unfav) about objects, people or events â€Å"I like my job† – Attitude about my job Components of Attitude: 1. Cognitive I am overloaded A description of or belief in the way things are Opinion / belief segment 2. Affective I hate this job More critical part of attitude Emotional or feeling segment of the attitude 3. Behavioral I am looking for another job Intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something Very interdependent components.Esp Cognition and Affect 2. Major Job Attitudes 1. Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job Involvement Degree to which people identify psychologically with their job+ consider perceived performance level as self-worth Psychological Empowerment – employee’s belief in the degree to which he/she is influencing the work environment, their competence, meaningfulness of job and perceived autonomy Memory-easy access-predicts our behavior We remember attitudes we express often 4. Presence of social pressuresNon Smoker working in Tobacco factory 5. Direct Experience with the attitude A-B bond will be much stronger with direct personal exp Eg: Asking college students about work pressure would not give substantial results Leon Festinger Conventional thought: Behavior is always assumed to follow from attitude Challenged by Leon Festinger – Attitudes follow behavior (eg: using a car you despised because you are forces to changes your attitude about the car) High amounts of JI and PE leads to reduced absences and lower turnover rates 3. Organizational Commitment 3 separate dimensions: a. b. . Affective Continuance Normative Cognitive Dissonance When an individual faces incompatibility across components of attitude or between attitude and behavior or attitudes themselves The normal human tend ency is to reduce this incompatibility and seek a stable state (minimum of dissonance*) *dissonance – means incongruity/disagreement Affective †¢ Emotional Attachment to Organzn (ALLEGIANCE) †¢ Perceived economic value of continuing with the Organzn †¢ Obligation to remain due to moral/ethical reasons OBLIGATION People want to have a consistency between their attitudes and behavior. ways employed: 1. Change their attitude / behavior Continuance 2. Develop a rationale for the discrepancy Eg: Tobacco Workers who do not smoke Desire to reduce Dissonance depends on: 1. 2. 3. Importance Influence Rewards Normative POS: Perceived Organization Support Degree to which employees believe that the †¢ †¢ Org. values their contribution and cares about their well being Moderating Variables of attitudes relations: 1. Importance of the Attitude Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values Show a strong relation to behavior 2. Correspondence to behavior Employee Engagement:Relatively new concept Involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for work Engaged employees have a deep commitment, whereas disengaged employees put only time and no energy/attention to work Specific attitudes predict specific behavior Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -028 Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics 2 approaches to measuring JS: 1. Single Global Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Outcomes of Satisfaction & Dissatisfaction Job Satisfaction & Job Performance Happy Workers > Perform better Not a myth anymore, has been proved empirically Org . ith more satisfied employees perform better Job Satisfaction & OCB Organizational Citizenship Behavior Satisfied talk +ve about the company, help others and do more Fairness perception – giving back the goodness they received Job Satisfaction & Customer Satisfaction Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty Employee morale goes down – sales effected All things considered how satisfied are you with your job? Likert Scale: 2. Summation of Job Facets More sophisticated Identifies key elements in a job: Nature of job, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, co-worker relationsPersons with positive core self-evaluations (who believe in inner worth and basic competence) are more satisfied than people with negative core self-evaluations Job Satisfaction & Absenteeism More sick leave benefits encourage even satisfied employees to take leave of absence When several job opportunities are available dissatisfied employees have a higher absenteeism Job Satisfaction & Turnover* *Turnover-how long employees tend to stay Impact of Satisfied & Dissatisfied Workers at the Workplace Consequences of Dissatisfaction: Exit – Voice – Loyalty – Neglect Model (EVLN Model) ActiveMore stronger than relation between JS and absenteeism When more emp. opport. are available turnover increases with Job Dissatisfaction Employees with high human capital tend to turnover due to more perceived opportunities Job Satisfaction & Workplace Deviance Exit Destructive Neglect Voice Constructive Loyalty Consequences of Job Dissatisfaction and Antagonistic relations with co-workers can cause these undesirable behaviors: Unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing, tardiness This is called Deviant Behavior in the Workplace / Counterproductive Behavior / Employee Withdrawal PassiveExit: Looking to leave the Organization – resign/new position Voice: Actively & constructively attempt to improve conditions Suggests improvements, discusses prob with seniors Loyalty: Passively but optimistically waiting for improvements Speak up for the orgnzn in the face of criticism Trusting the orgnzn to â€Å"Do the right thing† Neglect: Passively allows condition to worsen Leads to: Chronic absenteeism / lateness, Reduced effort Increased error rate Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -0 28 To solve employee dissatisfaction try to solve the cause of the satisfaction than trying to control or respond to different consequences of job dissatisfaction

The middle east - a hotbed of conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The middle east - a hotbed of conflict - Essay Example Speaking from a truly global standpoint, Middle East has proven to be a linchpin as far as having a clear cut understanding of the Arab nations is concerned. This is because the entire Arab region is linked with severe problems left, right and center. These problems have taken place due to lack of cultural adherences, an improper infrastructure within the different nations that exist within the Middle East region, and an overall mistrust in each other’s issues and undertakings. It would be appropriate to state that the Middle East has become a hotbed for conflict to arise sooner rather than later. The same happens on a very proactive basis whenever the world’s stock prices fluctuate and whenever there are financial issues arising in the wake of the economic aspects taking place. The Middle East has been a conflict hotbed because the people, who matter the most, i.e. the governmental top heads and the like, have paid less heed towards the domains of their own people. All they have focused on is to exponentially increase their respective capitals and to double their relevant investment regimes . They have not emphasized on how bad the economic domains of their countries are or how they are coping up with the other countries within the region. A lack of a coherent strategy within the entire Middle East lays the basis for serious conflict to arise, and this is a very grave anomaly indeed.

The Greek Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Greek Civilization - Essay Example The Greek Civilization Civilization is a phrase that was coined from Latin word to mean the state of advancement in the social, cultural and material status of a society or a civil organization and existence of man. The development in the Greek tradition and the advance of the society during the 18th century is believed to have influenced the growth and development of modern world. The migration of the Greeks from their motherland believed to be somewhere in middle Asia has been attributed to the rise of Greece civilization and as start point upon which their development was based. In this paper, the factors that influenced the historical development of the Greek civilization will be evaluated to help find out reasons for such an extraordinary civilization. Other civilizations also occurred after or during the Greek civilization and this paper will seek to identify if the Greek civilization was more superior to these other civilizations like the Near Eastern civilization. A number of agricultural, industrial and medical practices have roots in the Greek culture and this explains the extraordinary nature of the Greek civilization. Pruning, an agricultural practice was discovered in the Apulia when in the process of feeding, asses ate the shoots of vines and this resulted into increased yields. This happened despite historical evidence that points to Africa as th e home of many plants that later domesticated into food crops. Large scale and plantation farming also began in Greek and this is attributed to the emergence of the growth of food crops in large scales to feed the increasing population. Greek devised the processed of fire making through the Athenians, the also developed the first ship in Alesiai, an important invention in the development of transport systems (Bruce 12). The strength and source of knowledge that guided the Greek development into a major pioneer of civilization has remained a puzzle for many modern historians. The exact source of information and innovation power that influenced their ability to understand the various inventions they made is a puzzle. However, Greeks believed in the power of the myths that were said of their origin, ancestors, migrations and heroes. Greek gods were also common and they differed based on the role that each played and how this influenced the lives of the people. The myths points to the g eographical settings of the ancient Greek as a major determining factor in the development of civilization in the Greek colonies. The myths points a Greek that was filled with animated hills, dale and sea coasts which are believed to have influenced the quality of their lifestyle hence the need for innovations and civilization (Marc 28). The Greek civilization followed the Egyptian civilization and some historians argue that the influence of the Egyptian civilization accelerated the growth of the Greek civilization. However, the Greek empire controlled a number of colonies in Europe before the emergence of the Roman Empire; however, during this time of civilization, the roman invasion was rising and Greek was beginning to the feel the impacts of the pressure exerted by the Romans. Civilization and the development of new methods of doing things were necessitated by the competition that existed between these empires to control more colonies in Europe. Greeks may have stepped into the feet of Egypt to increase its agricultural production by adopting newer methods of crop production and means of transport in an effort to gain economic strength as compared to the roman empires. In explaining the progress and vigor of the Greek civilization, a number of factors have been floated and discussed in relation to the developments that characterized this period. Greek mythologies

TELEVISION BROADCASTING, HISTORY OF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

TELEVISION BROADCASTING, HISTORY OF - Essay Example The researcher’s main goal is to reveal to the audience the chronological events that saw coming of age of the television and the television news. Vladimir K. Zworykin gave hope to Americans when he first patented the iconoscope television picture tube in 1923. NBC further developed this to broadcast an image and allow television transmission. The great depression and World War II delayed the first newscast, which eventually came in 1939. By this time, only a few television sets existed in New York area, limiting the number of audience reached by the cast. The number of television sets owned by homes increased considerably in 1946 and by 1948, almost one million homes owned television sets. The number of licensed television stations also increased to 108 serving a greater number of public. By 1950, television managed to change the old habits of attending movies, and sporting activities because many preferred the comfort of their home watching television (Landesberg and Pescato re 1024- 1028). Growth in programming played an important role in the television acceptance. For instance, television captured important functions in the other parts of the world, displayed good movies, discussions, and soaps attracting all kinds of audience. Undeniably, growth in technology played an important part in this transition and to the next level of digital technology. The Landesberg and Pescatore, the co-authors of this article have used literature review as a methodology to this article. Numerous literatures exist that explain some aspects of television, television news, and invention of television sets. In choosing to use existing literature, the authors avoid the challenges that go with the traditional qualitative methods. This methodology is appropriate to this research to some extent. First, this method is a cheaper one and thus appropriate in case of less funds. Secondly, the research involves historical events that occurred many years ago when the

Animal modeling in drug discovery and development Essay

Animal modeling in drug discovery and development - Essay Example The target is described as the molecule or certain biological entities upon which the drug shall act and produce biological reactions that can be measured either in vivo or in vitro. It is after the identification of the target that the it has to be validated. It is in the authentication that animal models, described as in vitro tools are integrated into the drug discovery and development process (Hughes, et al., 2011). The animal models are used to check for the efficacy of the identified molecule in the target. Most importantly, Mei and Czarnik (2002) indicate that the whole animal model data has to be obtained in order to ascertain the biological linkage of the target to a disease along with how the target can be utilised in the drug discovery and development process. The activity observed in the animal models does not imply decisiveness for the same in human beings, nevertheless, if there lacks any activity, then reconsideration has to be undertaken on the efficacy of the target (Mei & Czarnik, 2002). The validity of the animal model data is vital in predicting the result for a particular drug during basic research (Denayer, Stohr, & Van Roy, 2014). Furthermore, the validity of the animal model permits for the evaluation of the functional outcomes. It has be recalled that this is in the preclinical trial of the research. The validity of the animal model data is essential for availing vital information regarding the selectivity and potency of the drug for the human target. The two are vital components in determining if the drug works beyond the preclinical stage of the research. It is so for the in vitro data obtained from the animal models used. At the same time, the in vivo data avails a pharmacodynamics and a pharmacokinetic profile of the drug to be. The pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamics of the novel drug under research determines the drug affinity to the identified target and the how well it is distributed to the target. The

Probation Officers and Parole Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Probation Officers and Parole Officers - Essay Example They work towards making sure that they have made the law offenders to live productive and useful lives. Depending on the legal status, the law offender may be on parole or probation. Law offenders who are given probationary sentence might or might not have served jail term in the county jail. Once the offender is released, they are put on parole or probation depending on the record of their offence. Those that have served time in federal or state correctional facility are placed on parole when they are released. Conditions are given to both types of offenders when they are released and a parole or probation officer supervises them for a specified period of time (California Occupational Guide, 1). Probation officers are also known as community supervisors in some states as they supervise people on probation. Practically a probation officer supervises those convicted of violent crimes because probation is granted to those with substantial drug abuse history and criminal background (Ba nks, 165). Probation officers also offer training that includes rational behavior training – it focuses on the officers using rationality principles to persuade a probationer to change his/her attitudes and beliefs. The training influences hostile offenders to develop new behavior and beliefs, which probation officers reinforce. Parole officers usually perform the same duties as probation officers, the only difference being that while parole officers supervise the offenders who have been released from prison, probation officers wok with the offenders in the prison (Labor Dept (U S) Bureau of Labor Statistics, 238). Parole officers are usually in the unit of the youth authority, corrections and the federal department of justice accounts directly to their particular parole boards and their main task is supervising their clients. Before the discharge of an offender, parole officers prepare arrangement and recommendation for their client. Parole officers approve such services as housing, counseling, social activities, employment and education (California Occupational Guide, 3). On the other hand, probation officers are usually at the courts and they execute pre-sentence investigations and organize reports on their clients. They also aid their clients to go back to the free society. They also implement courts order, which may incorporate them to seize evidence, organize for drug testing, make arrests and carry out searches. Parole officers focus their effort on surveillance rather than rehabilitation though their systems are scarce. In urban areas, parole agents are commonly occupied in verifying curfews, drug testing and electric monitoring. Most parolees do not complete their parole supervision and they therefore end up going back to prisons, making the prisons full. The role of parole officers is to have all the legal authority carried out and to use firearms to search without constraint of the forth amendment, order arrest without probable cause and conf ine without bail (Banks, 165). According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), when the probation and the parole officers are running in jail and prisons, they supervise the improvement of the inmates. They may assess the inmates by means of psychological and questionnaires tests. They work directly with other agencies or officers to develop release and parole plans. Their report discusses the record of the inmate and the probability of the inmate committing another crime. This

Managerial Accounting Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Accounting Practices - Essay Example financial reports focus on what has happened in the past – whereas what you are looking for is improvement – improvement in all sectors (manufacturing, sales, accounting, customer relations) at present and in future. Inventory is a necessary current asset that represents a significant investment at any given time. Just-In-Time represents a new paradigm of business strategy shifting from traditional inventory management to web-based supply chain management that increases inventory turnover and reduces inventory holding. JIT is an ideal for repetitive manufacturing processes (like Claire’s Antiques) in which the same products and components are produced over and over again.1 profitability†.2 With the objective of producing the right quantity of products in the right place at the right time, JIT perfectly blends the fundamentals of minimizing cost and maximizing profits – these fundamentals, Man (Labor), Material and Machines (Equipment) are often called the 3Ms of manufacturing and inventory operations. JIT (also known as ‘lean production’ or ‘stockless production’)3 produces the following benefits. You will note that most, if not all of them are lacking in Claire’s Antiques organization at this moment. Inventory levels at all levels are reduced, inventory investment is minimized by having only work-in-process (WIP) inventory with no need for safety stocks(2); inventory turnover rate (velocity) is increased. There is a balanced flow of materials throughout the entire production process, as underutilized (excess) capacity is used instead of buffer inventories. This has been a major problem of the present bedroom furniture line of Claire’s Antiques. Product quality is improved by focusing on zero-defect production processes. JIT involves utilization of more productive equipment and disposition of less productive equipment. Faulty production methods that create products requiring subsequent rework are identified and eliminated. The data that

Personal Responses to the Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Responses to the Essays - Essay Example The walk, it turned out, provided the essence and meaning of her entire stay in Japan – yet ironically, nothing was uttered or said during that brief (she could not even remember how many minutes) togetherness with a stranger under one umbrella, with the raindrops and the sound of their footsteps hitting the pavement providing the only effects in addition to the silence. The author concludes her narrative with a breath under suspension after the stranger disappeared instantly without a word leaving her in a state of â€Å"mysterious shock.† Shields is her usual self in finding the humanity in every aspect or event or place or circumstance where she ascribes meaning to even the most ordinary thing or activity such as sharing an umbrella with a complete stranger. One cannot resist admiring Shield’s masterful play of words and emotions as she moves from her treatment of ordinary, drab, inconsequential events and transforms them into meaningful â€Å"encounters.â₠¬  I am completely taken by her figures of speech: â€Å"†¦invaded me like a kind of flu†¦ a temporary vacuum that had nothing to do with Japan†¦ hypnotic walking†¦walking towards the unimaginable.† I photo-played the ordinariness of her stay in Japan based on her description and I could sense her dryness, or maybe the dryness of the event she was describing and felt her remorse as if I was there. It was as if she took me by the hand when she shifted to a colorful and rich description of that brief â€Å"rain walk.† I could even see or feel as being the towering stranger holding up the umbrella for a woman and walking almost gingerly with somebody he does not know from Adam. I could see myself as the stranger quickly disappearing from the woman’s view as soon as we hit the sidewalk of the designated hotel, at the same time experiencing the agony and perplexity of Shields after being left without any word, or cue whatsoever. It was Shields wi elding her power and ability to put the reader in a similar state of suspension. Essay 2: â€Å"Goodbye Muse, Hello Prada† by Goran Simic (Harsent 84)

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Solving a cognitive dissonance is a good way to look at all your cards on the table, so to speak. The definition of cognitive dissonance is A feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two attitudes. (S.Carpenter, K. Huffman 2010). This is means that cognitive dissonance is a problem that involves how you feel and what you are doing to cause the problem. For an example: a man has stolen a car. He feels upset that he has stolen the car but he is in desperate need of money. The mans attitude is that stealing is wrong and his behavior is that he has stolen a car. To solve this cognitive dissonance, the man will have to either change his attitude (change his belief that stealing is wrong) or his behavior (Give back the car and never steal again). To solve cognitive dissonance you will have to, like I put it, put your cards on the table and resolve your problem(s). Like the stealing man I referenced, he noticed his problem was either his attitude for the whole thing or his behavior. To avoid cognitive dissonance, you can completely ignore the problem. Someone can be a doctor that chain smokes even though they have warned their patients of the dangers of smoking and completely ignore the attitude (guilt for being a hypocrite and endangering their own lives) and the behavior (smoking) and be a smoker without thinking anything wrong or good about it. One example of cognitive dissonance that happened to me is the first and only time I cheated on a test back in high school. I needed to pass an exam because I was out sick for a month and my grade was low. A student was selling the test answers for five dollars and I bought one. When I took the test, I was felt guilty for cheating. My attitude was that cheating was wrong yet my behavior was that I was cheating on my test. I choose to fix my attitude on the grounds of that I REALLY needed to pass the test with flying colors and I felt that studying wasnt going to cut it. It turns out that the test answers were from the wrong test and everyone who bought the answers, like me, failed. Luckily the teacher hated the turn out so much that she allowed everyone to retake it. I got a 95% on my own. I never cheated again.

The Advantages Disadvantages Of Employee Involvement Participation Management Essay

The Advantages Disadvantages Of Employee Involvement Participation Management Essay INTRODUCTION In pursuit of high performance by the employee to meet organizational objectives social scientists, psychologists and management thinkers have endeavoured to discover and implement the most appropriate ways. Motivational problems have come into even sharper prominence in recent years, as corporations of all sizes and in all fields face up to issues of heightened dynamic competition, ever-accelerating technological demands, and shortages of key technical and management skills, in a pervading climate of economic uncertainty and world recession. In order to survive, whole new activities have entered into the management lexicon as companies restructure, downsize, delayer, outplace and subcontract their satellite activities. Common to all formulations is, first, an understanding that people have the potential to provide competitive advantage and, second, that management styles should reflect the central importance of people as assets to be utilized in order to offer optimum benefit to the business. Employees must be drawn into the corporate culture and committed to its values and objectives; employees must be empowered to become self-managers rather than act as passive recipients to management plans must participate in decision making. the intention is to give employees a say in organizational affairs, the initiatives emerge from management and are linked, however tenuously, with the achievement of management objectives. We refer to this manifestation of employee influence enhancement as employee involvement. C Jeff Hyman and Rob Mason (1995, p. 5-6) EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT An environment is created due to employee involvement that leads to confusion on decision making and action side affecting their job. As practiced in many bodies of work employee involvement can never be an aim or a tool rather it is the philosophical thought of common men of managing and leading their work organization which results in betterment. A motivating and fetching environment is created which helps to keep back best employee with a feeling of own ness by involvement .When an organization truly wants to create a positive work environment that is based on high trust, exceptional customer service collaborative teamwork, operational excellence and creative problem solving, then the leadership team must begin to understand, invest in and be responsive to the needs of the group that represents the organizations most valuable assets and is also one of its most important customers, the employees. On return of very nominal investment comes high level of employee motivation, new idea s, promises and production which leads to the betterment of the organization and brings about more profit . A fundamental total quality management percept is that employees must be involved and empowered. Employee involvement refers to the importance of each and every employee who as a a fully mechanical unit employee do play a very important part for operation and maintain team leads to the progress of the organization. Each employees input is solicited and valued by, hisher management. Employees and management recognize that each employee is involved in running the business. One of the greatest underlying factors in the success or failure of any organization is the power of its people, and how well that power is focused towards meeting the organizations objectives. For production Organizations tapping the power of men are more strong and competitive in comparison to those that do not. Companies thinking their employee as mere machines never realize their capabilities; such organizations inefficiency attracts competition, until the philosophy of management changes. Employee involvement leads to empowering of employees , who are able to take part in decision-making and thoughts of improvement at their respective levels in the company. Since Mc Gregors theory y first brought to managers, the idea of a participative management style, employee involvement has taken many forms, including the job design approaches and special activities such as quality of work life (QWL) programs. A great thinker from Technical University of Crete A. Apostolou, gives the view that only people of one company brings about the difference of it from the other. The Japanese have always recognized this and it is one of the reasons for their success in world markets - they place tremendous value on the integration of people with organizational objectives, equipments and processes .The issue forced to be addressed by the employees are involvement, communication and development. The maturity of a company in the employment relationship is measured through the three issues. Man y people confuse communication systems such as team briefings with involvement. PRACTICES IN EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT One of the most well-known and widely used recognition devices is the use of suggestion systems. Employees offer suggestions (or improving processes or cutting costs and are recognised with small cash awards. The Japanese have been especially effective at making suggestion systems work. For instance, a typical high-performing Japanese plant in the auto components business generates 47 suggestions per employee a year and pays approximately the equivlent of U.S. $35 per suggestion. In contrast, a comparable Western factory generates about one suggestion per employee per year. but pays out $90 per suggestion. In 1995 Toyota received 1,9 million suggestions from employees of which they implemented 95%. Stephen P. Robbins ( p. 153-154) THE SCOPE OF PARTICIPATION An alternative state response to the uncertainties associated with market fluctuations is to offer employees a measure of protection against the harshness of unfettered market forces by providing them which some say in events which could disrupt or otherwise effect their working lives. It could also argue that repercussions of market developments strengthen the case for employee protection. The rise in part time and in conventional employment patterns serves to increase the dependence of employees upon organizations whose prime motivation is to respond effectively to market signals. In order for a protectionist process to serve a useful function for its intended beneficiaries appropriate mechanisms are needed to inform employees of their representatives of high level company. Participations under their conditions is likely to involve representative employee member of high level decision making bodies which formally equips them with opportunities for more profound inputs than are foun d with the narrowly defined market adaptation processes associated with employee involvement .though participative approaches aim to provide employees with protection , in their non collective bargaining format they might also derive from a less adverbial industrial relations perspective than that which give rise to employer dominated involvement. Where the need for adequate systems of representations of collective interests is recognized and accepted as a valuable contributor to long term industrial harmony, participation might also form part of a system which positively encourages employers to plan for the future through investment in plant, technology and people and to include human resource development as part of long term planning and investment strategy. In these instances, whilst providing employees with a measure of security, participative arrangements would also conform with a pattern of industrial decision-making typified by reference to long term performance objectives. EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT MODEL For people and organizations who desire a model to apply , the best i have discovered was developed from work by Tannebaum and Schmidt(1958) and Sadler(1970).While decision making they provide a continuum for leadership and involvement which leads to increment of role for employees and decrease for supervisors. The continuum includes this progression. Tell: the supervisor makes the decisions and announces it to staff. The supervisor provided complete directions. Sell: the supervisor makes the decision and then attempts to gain commitment from staff by selling the positive aspects of the decision. Consult: Though the final decision is given by the authority still supervisors are invited to put decision. Join: the employees are invited to make decisions with the supervisors. The keys to involvement are several complex: (a) Financial -> share ownership and profit distribution plans can help to foster an in terest in a companys affair at the competition level which is often hard to get across in the normal day to day routine of workplace activity. According to an industrial society survey, one in six UK employees holds the share in their organization. .The managers who were skewed were those who held stocks [one -third of the manager]. Amongst unskilled manual worker this dropped to just 5%. Half of all share owners surveyed felt that owing shares had made them more committed to the companys success although there was no significant difference on job satisfaction or their rating of their company overall as an employer. .An incentive is essential to increase its workers share to ownership if the company wishes to. One of the most common form of incentive is the use of employee share plans (ESOPs). These typically offer a one share purchase arrangement, with the company issuing matching shares from a s hare trust for every ordinary share purchased. Effectively a half- price buying arrangement but with the added bonus of tax savings. (b) Job security: Doubts as to whether you will still be with the company next week are hardly likely to encourage a sense of belonging. The Japanese identified this as obvious truism for several years. There is some evidence that this approach is starting to impact on the organization of labor contracts in the west The deal of Rover in 1992 changed the 80 year old tradition in USA, production for employees by assuring job security and lay off guarantees. A no compulsory redundancy policy was put into strains during 1980s and 1990s. The structure of the work organization itself determines many facets of the employment relationship; in particular, job design can influence the degree of control an employee has over his or her work and, with that, the degree of personal responsibility felt for the outcomes and quality of work. The system of multi shifts, in line methods and absence coverage helps in personal accountability, the work remains done without any prior condition of absence of employees and work results always positive unlike professional jobs. Consequently employees constrained by systems feel little sense of ownership of the total process. The survey of companies focuses on cell based production and group structure in working form, shows absenteeism, good quality of outcome and high production, which is brought about by greater sense of involvement and decision making responsibility. Digital Equipment for example use a derivative of autonomous work groups called High Performance Work Design. The compa ny feels they have achieved better quality, higher output, lower inventory and faster and more accurate decision making. The changes are not just restricted to the high tech finish of production. EMCAR, a clothing manufacturer, changed from traditional production lines to Autonomous Work Groups (AWGs), with individual piecework being replaced by a group bonus. As a consequence labour turnover and absenteeism went down accordingly in industrial norms leading to increased production. The given turnaround times on orders came down from six eight weeks to four weeks. METHODOLOGYÆ’Â   Employee participation and empowerment is a worldwide applicable technique. There have more options along with employee involvement. It brings together incentive programs, researches, focus and more. The aim is to identify the most efficient options of employee involvement that can be linked to the goals of an organization. In order to implement employee involvement and empowerment to an enterprise the following key actions need to take place: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Giving employee the responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training employee to accept responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communicating and giving feedback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Giving rewards and recognition Workers today are more and more being asked by management to join employee involvement programs in order to improve the quality of their work lives. In order to survive todays harsh and fierce fully competitive situations, the management realizes that only cooperation between the management and the workers can help tide over it. It very well understands that the days of forced labor management techniques are practices of the past and not realistic anymore. It is in the best interest of both workers and supervisors to increase happiness and satisfaction on the job, because happy and satisfied employees are productive employees who insure the employers profit and continued existence of the company and the workers jobs. In such programs management usually wants: 1. Access to the workers knowledge of the job. 2. The Management looks forward to acceptance of newer technologies without disapproval. 3. Freeness regarding work regulations, classification of works, assignment the contract for the cause of better efficiencies. 4. Contract differs and concessions of occasionally contract. If the chance of employee involvement is true and valid, it must have the most important six conditions as follows: 1. Management involves the union at the highest levels as an equal partner from planning, through implementation, and evaluation of employee involvement. To coordinate and set up the employee involvement committee a consultant is hired by the joint decision of union and management.. 2. It is a voluntary process for both union and company. The committee that deals with employee involvement is selected, elected by the union. 3. Collective bargaining and grievance matters are not a part of the program These matter stays out of employee involvement.. 4. Management accepts the proposal in written form that no worker can be downgraded as consequences of ideas generated by the employee in employee involvement committee. 5The monetary savings of employee involvement are distributed among workers through returns of more money in cheque, upgrading, less working hour, etc. The management and the union converging state this. . 6. Management actions on cooperation should be the same as management words. The management strives for a healthy relationship in its relationship with the union as it actively seeks to settle all differences at the lower level and tries to reason with the union against putting forward of cases for settlement as it leads to the depletion of the union treasury. The officers and the lower level members of the union are treated with the same respect by the management while at the same time seeing to it that the rights of all the members are duly obliged. In the studies of Virginia P., the impact perception of leadership style is use of power and conflict management style on organizational outcomes. Richmond, John P. To measure the employee satisfaction using continuum [tell, consult, join] researchers Wagner and James McCroskuv developed an instrument. Their research discovered that, the supervisor who wishes to generate positive impact on satisfaction with supervision, satisfaction with work, and solidarity and to reduce communication anxiety should strive to get her/his subordinates to perceive her/him as using a more employee-centered (consult-join) leadership style. At the same time, however, the supervisor cannot be seen by employees as abdicating responsibility for decision making. Examples: Tell: Good while communicating about government rules, safety norms, decisions that are not required for employee input. Sell: Decision remains safe from employee influence, useful. Where commitment is required Consult: Information to employee result successful consultation and end to discussion, where input is required but the supervisor holds the power of decision finalizing. Join: When the supervisor truly builds consensus around a decision and is willing to keep influence equal to that of the others providing input is called the key to a successful join. ***************************************************** Advantages Employees have knowledge about their customers and the company they work for. Employees are close to the business of purchase and sale. Employees have less knowledge regarding the supply needs and frequency than the employee Employees have prior knowledge about its weak and strong points in the team. Employees know about the logos and displays at the basic level. Disadvantages: Employees are devoid of knowledge what it needs to run a company. Employees may come up with grudges against the company or amongst themselves. Sometimes employees may not be dedicated in giving their best for the organizations. The overall success of the company depends on some investment of the employee Employees can present false interest. Employees may have conflicting interests ****************************************************** EXAMPLE: Initiating and Sustaining Employee Involvement at Lyondell Lyondell Petrochemical Company is engaged in the production of a huge variety of petrochemicals, including olefins, methanol, polyethylene and polypropylene. It is also engaged in the production of refined petroleum though through an affiliate. More than fifteen hundred workers work at four different production sites in Texas. Its headquarters is in Houston in 1980s; Bob Gover was on a group which suggested convergence of petrochemical and refinement of the company, to stop loss of money and formation of new companies. Atlantic Richfield called the company Lyondell Petrochemical and asked Gower to run it. Choosing to regard as with improvement in production, a challenge an organization that had lost a total of $200 million each year for the past three years, Gower accepted Gower had many problems other than serious red ink .Due to lack of any assets the company could not stand apart in competition .It did not enjoy any extra credit in the market or neither have any special technology .The only way to differentiate itself and bring back profitability. But, as Gower notes, Morale was low and costs were way too high. Matters became more badly when Lyondell made a new management team. I was told that I could talk into joining m e. No doubt Atlantic Richfields leaders felt pretty safe with such a generous offer, but they did not count on Gowers persuasive powers. He not only pulled together a management team, but the people who came where risk takers who believed, as I did, that people are the key to a successful turnaround. And Lyondell has succeeded. In 1989 Lyondell was ranked first by Fortune, for sales per employee under all the best industrial companies in the USA. . It earned the same honor again in 1990 and1991.Baldrige was visited in 1991 and 1992. Employee involvement leads Lyondell to his success. A change in managements attitude brings about the initiation of employee involvement. To save Lyondell from loss of money his leaders turned to employee involvement, as they believed people have good ideas to share and are responsible, are proud of their work, etc. want responsibility. GROWTH OF EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT There is a growing body of evidence that, in aggregate, usage of the involvement techniques outlined above has increased throughout , mainly Europe (bean 1994:183), the united states (eg- Deutsch and Schurman 1993) and, we shall now show, especially in the UK. Since the 1960s in Japan, there has developed a range of quality based involvement technique and informal communicative practices, which have also helped to influence practice in America and the UK (Oliver and Wilkinson 1992: chap-2). The Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys-WIRS, conducted in 1980, 1984 and most recently in 1990, provide a comprehensive view of development in workplace industrial relations in Britain. The research gives the view that in the early 1980s, managers reported a higher increase in the introduction of all types of employee involvement between 1980 and 1984 than in the three years prior to 1980. Overall, the proportion of managers reporting any initiative to increase involvement rose from 24% to 35% with specific emphasis given to Two -Way Communication Systems, a trend confirmed by worker representatives in the research. This current research gave focus on some qualitative changes in involvement practice in that the incidence of collective- oriented consultation. THE RATIONALE FOR EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION: Employee participation, conversely, emerges from a collective employee interest to optimize the physical, security and inspirational conditions under which employees a re-contracted to serve . These ambitions are likely to be supported and promoted by political ideas, systems and parties, sensitive to the potential deprivations which accompany unregulated market operations, but resisted by employers whose freedom of action may be curtailed by protective participation procedure. An example of employer prejudice to employee participation proposals is well demonstrated by the UK experience. Tensions between the contrasting interests of employers and labor became evident in the UK, during the late 1970s: during this period, political expediency to mobilize union support was articulated by a strong union impetus toward participative arrangement, which were capable of propelling employee interests beyond the areas bounded by collective bargaining alone. Together, these movements manifested in proposals for worker and representative councils. The most inspiring of these initiatives was without any doubt the attempt to introduce a participative framework based on worker directors using the theory of unitary board, composed of equal numbers of shareholder and union workers supplemented by a minority of Neutral Director. Thus both employee involvement and participation are interrelated and is essential in society as said above. Though both have its own qualities, boon and bane, it is essential for balancing work environment and the working culture. Involvement and participation makes work more responsible and results are their best as all hold their own pride for their part of work done under a team. Work Citations

Age of Innocence :: essays papers

Age of Innocence Chapter One Summary: The play opens at the opera. Newland Archer enters his opera box and looks out across the theater to see his girlfriend, May Welland, touch the lilies he had given her. While dreaming of their future together, his thoughts are interrupted by gasps from the gentlemen sitting with him. They are whispering about a fashionably dressed woman who has just sat down in the box with May. Sillerton Jackson gasps, "I did not think they would have tried it on," which means, he can ¹t believe the Mingotts would allow the woman to come and sit in their box at the Opera. Analysis: This is a book about the conventions of "Old New York", New York City in the 1870 ¹s. Wharton loves contrasting the old against the new. She begins these contrasts in the very first paragraph. Here she describes the new Opera theater that is going to be erected in the "remote" forties. We can assume that the forties have been built up since then and people reading her book in the 1920 ¹s (when it was published) would enjoy hearing about how New York has changed. Along these lines, there is also a description of the old people versus the "new people, whom NY was beginning to dread and yet be drawn to." Also important in this first chapter is Wharton ¹s discussion of fashionability and propriety. We can tell from the way that Newland Archer, Lawrence Lefferts and Mr. Silverton Jackson are introduced (all are so concerned with what is "moral" and "the thing") that Wharton will spend a lot of time in the novel discussing and perhaps critiquing these concepts in the book. Of note, as well, is the great attention to detail that Wharton has. The way she describes clothing and interior decoration with much detail has led many to dub this book a "costume novel". We will have to see for ourselves if the book develops beyond being a "bodice ripper" sort of book. May Welland will be one of the most important characters in the book. She is holding Lillies of the Valley. In the 1870 ¹s the lily of the valley was the flower of chastity and of the names Cynthia and Diana. Later in the book, May is often compared to Diana, the Greek goddess of the hunt.

I.T. and Healthcare Essay -- Technology, Information Technology, Healt

Most people live in rural areas, while the medical community exists in cities. Medical facilitates are increasing the use of information technology database as a collaborative effort within the healthcare communities, on the condition that remote communities have access to the largest healthcare database and treatment information for public health solutions. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translate messages. There are no indications that imply technology reduces labor costs, in the healthcare industries. The fundamental economic theories are best used when collaborating with new technologies. As administrators the new electronic age, has brought new invention that are innovative and gives promise to a new generation. This reflects the achievement of information technology in the new generation. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translating messages. The growth of the World Wide Web has launched electronic communication assistants, and the interest in wirele...

Should the United KingdomJoin the Single Currency? :: Economics

Should the United KingdomJoin the Single Currency? Introduction This project will concentrate on analysing the arguments put forth in favour of adopting the Euro as our currency, as well as those against it. A conclusion will then be drawn that weighs both the pros and cons and decides whether it would be beneficial to the UK economy if we adopted the Euro or continued to opt-out. Theory The major economic theories that will be used are the following: * Macroeconomic objectives. * Governmental macroeconomic policies. Analysis Arguments for the Euro The arguments put forth for membership of the "Euro zone" (countries that have adopted the Euro as their currency) are split into two groups: political and economic. A move towards a Federal Europe (Churchill's ideal of a "United States of Europe") that is governed in a similar way as that of the U.S.A. is the primary political argument. A Federal Europe would be governed as a whole with member countries retaining a few powers but losing almost all political sovereignty. It is argued that this reason is one of the driving reasons for the setting up of the Single European Currency. France and Germany in particular want to integrate the core European economies more closely and move towards a single European Economy. The economic arguments are further sub-divided into three groups: transaction costs, trade competition and investment. Ultimately, if the United Kingdom does not adopt the Euro higher costs will be incurred as far as transaction costs are concerned. The commissions involved in buying the Euro when trading with European countries will remain and the uncertainty arising from a floating exchange rate will also continue to be apparent. Whilst this is unlikely to make a significant difference for UK businesses buying continental European exports, it could well affect the number of UKexports being purchased by continental European companies. Basically, UK exports will be more expensive to Euro zone countries compared to exports of other Euro zone countries due to the changing cost of buying the pound. The UK's membership in the Euro zone would eliminate these costs. Trade competition refers to the fact that if exports from Euro zone countries are all priced in the same currency then it is easier for companies to see price differences between companies across borders, ultimately increasing competition between companies. In effect, with the lack of tariffs or quotas for import and export between Euro zone countries, it is almost like an integrated single European Economy as buying from a company in a fellow Euro zone country is exactly the same as buying from a company in your own country. This is called price transparency: it will become far easier to compare prices across the markets of the Euro zone. Should the United KingdomJoin the Single Currency? :: Economics Should the United KingdomJoin the Single Currency? Introduction This project will concentrate on analysing the arguments put forth in favour of adopting the Euro as our currency, as well as those against it. A conclusion will then be drawn that weighs both the pros and cons and decides whether it would be beneficial to the UK economy if we adopted the Euro or continued to opt-out. Theory The major economic theories that will be used are the following: * Macroeconomic objectives. * Governmental macroeconomic policies. Analysis Arguments for the Euro The arguments put forth for membership of the "Euro zone" (countries that have adopted the Euro as their currency) are split into two groups: political and economic. A move towards a Federal Europe (Churchill's ideal of a "United States of Europe") that is governed in a similar way as that of the U.S.A. is the primary political argument. A Federal Europe would be governed as a whole with member countries retaining a few powers but losing almost all political sovereignty. It is argued that this reason is one of the driving reasons for the setting up of the Single European Currency. France and Germany in particular want to integrate the core European economies more closely and move towards a single European Economy. The economic arguments are further sub-divided into three groups: transaction costs, trade competition and investment. Ultimately, if the United Kingdom does not adopt the Euro higher costs will be incurred as far as transaction costs are concerned. The commissions involved in buying the Euro when trading with European countries will remain and the uncertainty arising from a floating exchange rate will also continue to be apparent. Whilst this is unlikely to make a significant difference for UK businesses buying continental European exports, it could well affect the number of UKexports being purchased by continental European companies. Basically, UK exports will be more expensive to Euro zone countries compared to exports of other Euro zone countries due to the changing cost of buying the pound. The UK's membership in the Euro zone would eliminate these costs. Trade competition refers to the fact that if exports from Euro zone countries are all priced in the same currency then it is easier for companies to see price differences between companies across borders, ultimately increasing competition between companies. In effect, with the lack of tariffs or quotas for import and export between Euro zone countries, it is almost like an integrated single European Economy as buying from a company in a fellow Euro zone country is exactly the same as buying from a company in your own country. This is called price transparency: it will become far easier to compare prices across the markets of the Euro zone.

Acheivements of the Mayans

Plan of Investigation The research paper will be on the achievements of the Mayans. The research question developed for this paper is â€Å"How did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire? This paper will be focusing on how the achievements of the Mayans led to the development of their civilization. This will not look into the fall of the Mayan empire but will look into where the Mayans came from and the beginning of the Mayan empire. All sources in this paper are secondary sources. The paper had chosen its sources by evaluating their information on how much they explained on Mayan achievements.Some of the paper’s sources also talked about the locations of the Mayan empire. Some main ideas of the paper would be Mexico which is where the Mayan civilization was and will be covering major achievements like the three hundred and sixty five day solar calendar and the Mayan language which consisted of hieroglyphics. Summary of Evidence The Mayan civilization is a v ery complex civilization, established in the Pre-classic period (2000 BC – 250 AD). Mayans were very artistic and achieved many artistic achievements. Classic Maya art spanned the centuries from the time of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in central Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. â€Å"Mayan ceramics were used as currency, tableware, and offerings to the dead. Pottery was also decorated with rituals, myths, and hieroglyphs. With Mayan artistic abilities they developed a writing system. The Mayans had scribes who were trained at their writing system. Scribes usually had many pens in their hair dress. The writing system was so hard to learn not every class knew it. On the other hand, the Classic Maya had a system of written hieroglyphic script, largely syllabic in nature, which, although once considered astronomical or religious in content, is now considered primarily dynastic and politica l. † The language of Ancient Maya was written and was complex. The writing was containing pictures. The language was so sophisticated that only few members of the higher class were able to read it. The writing was commonly carved into stone. Other than art Ancient Maya had achievements in mathematics and science. Mayans were interested Zenial Passages unlike western astronomers.Mayan astronomers also were able to predict lunar eclipses with their lunar knowledge. The Mayans had 2 different calendar years, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running ahead of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count. Mayans used math in their math in their art especially geometry. Mayans used geometry when making art in architecture. A common type of art on their structures was mosaics usually being ethnical. Mayans mainly used art on their temples or other religious structures.Mayans also de veloped a math system. The Mayans had a numerical system. It used 0 as a place holder. The numeric system was a base 20 system. Daniel Lukach Evaluation of Source Maya by the Columbia University Press is an article published in 2009. It was published by the Columbia University Press. This article was created by many authors and was compiled by the Columbia University Press. The publisher and author are credible as they published and created more books. The publisher and author are run by Columbia University. All outside sources used in the article were stated in a bibliography.This article was written for people who wanted to know about the Maya. The article seeks to address the question, â€Å"What is Maya? † There is no thesis but the author is trying to explain anything around the Mayan people. There is many values and limitations in this article. A value in this article is that the author goes in-depth about the Mayans. This publication is also not out dated. This publica tion or article also answered the question, â€Å"What were Mayan achievements made? † A major value is also that th author does not rely on one specific source as the article uses multiple sources.This article also has limitations; one limitation is that the author did not state where he used the sources in the article. Another problem is this is a secondary source which means the article isn’t on firsthand experience and used other sources for its research. Two questions unanswered is, â€Å"To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the success of the empire? † which is the research question. And, â€Å"Why were the Mayans so religiously based? † Analysis This topic was important over its time because there was many achievements the Mayans had and also many discoveries.The Mayans at their time developed many great achievements and also was a vast civilization spanning across the Yucatan peninsula. â€Å"Classic Maya art spanned the centuries from t he time of Christ until about 1000, and had its home in central Yucatan, bounded on the south by the Guatemalan highlands and on the north by a flat and dry limestone plain. † The Mayan’s were the most advanced civilization in the Americas at the time. Their culture spread across the Americas. This even had a large impact on social development. The Mayan achievements built a large culture for a vast civilization. By the end of the Middle Preclassic period, after 500 B. C. , communities like Mirador were beginning to reflect a new developmental trajectory. Jewelry and other goods made from exotic raw materials indicate increasing prosperity, expanded economic ties to distant regions, and sharper differences in wealth and social status; large-scale, elaborately decorated public buildings reflect the emergence of powerful permanent leaders, chiefs or kings. These trends continued and intensified during the Late Preclassic period, setting the fundamental patterns of Classic -period Maya city-states. As the Mayan civilization grew more art developed and spread making a great impact on their culture. Mayan science had a great impact also on their culture. â€Å"The calendar of months was probably inaugurated in 580 B. C. when 0 Pop, New Year's day, coincided with the winter solstice. A third era, 9. 0. 0. 0. 0, 8 Ahau 13 Ceh, February 10, 176 A. D. , is the one used in the Mayan chronicles. † The Mayans had 2 different calendar years, 360 day year and a formal year of 365 days. The Mayan calendar kept running ahead of the true year. The Mayans did not have leap year and would not implement it because it would ruin their day count.With the creation of the calendar, Mayan religion began using it to predict special religious days. Art also affected the Mayan religion. This event could be considered a turning point, as the Mayans developed new technologies and cultural achievements. The Mayans were the first civilization of the Americas and had impact on other tribes. Their culture spread across the Americas changing the way life. This event can be analyzed from a different perspective, as people might view the Mayan culture not to impact other tribes in the region. People might also believe the Mayan’s weren’t a great civilization either.Conclusion To what extent did Mayan achievements lead to the development of the empire, the Mayan achievements led to a development of an empire by social development, the Mayans main development was science and art. Mayans use of technology made it easy to expand but since the civilization wasn’t fully connected different Mayan groups thought with each other. Mayans were also able to expand their empire by making all cities built in a similar design. By the research two questions are developed, â€Å"How did the Mayans discover their art forms? and â€Å"Why did Mayans do more science then religion? † A few connections I can make to the Mayans is that they were a l arge civilization that fell like the Incas and the Aztecs. The Mayans also invented many new technologies to the world like ancient China. Except the Mayans vanished unlike other civilizations and many people still don’t know why. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097. [ 2 ].John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1997), page #1-255, accessed October 28, 2010. [ 3 ]. Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. â€Å"Maya,† accessed January 5, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420 [ 4 ]. 1. Michelle Ayache, The Ancient Maya, accessed October 27, 2010, http://www. digitalme esh. com/maya/history. htm. [ 5 ]. Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #80-250, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. uestiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482. [ 6 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #156-210, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 [ 7 ]. Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th 2009 ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), s. v. â€Å"Maya,† accessed January 5, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=117023420. [ 8 ]. George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (Baltimore,MD: Penguin Books, 1962), page #114-201, accessed October 28, 2010, http://www. uestia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8129097 [ 9 ]. John S Henderson, The World of Ancient Maya (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1997), page #s, accessed October 28, 2010. [ 10 ]. Herbert J Spinden , Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #s, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482. [ 11 ]. Herbert J Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1968), page #s, accessed January 4, 2011, http://www. questiaschool. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104407482

Net Neutrality Paper

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (Merriam-Webster Online, 2010) The United States of America is considered a â€Å"free market†, in some cases. Internet Seen,'ice Providers own the tangible cables and pipes providing the service of connectivity to the internet. They are the bridge. They own the bridge. In a free market, they can regulate heir bridge how they see fit, within the parameters of the law.This same model is expressed by cell phone companies in the communication industry as well as cable companies in the television industry. Cellular phone companies own all the variables that make up their network. They then sell you service to connect to their network based off of their interpretation of what the market will allow. They dictate wha t you pay, how much usage you are allowed and what types of usages are allowed. Cable companies evolved in the same manner. Once a free entertainment source is now a billion dollar year industry marked with the footprints of capitalism.Cable companies put forth the ground work to make the cable experience what it is today. In return, they profit from their investments to do so. They also dictate what we pay and what types of usage we are allowed. These cable and cellular communication companies have thrived in our free market mentality but in the same instance have been regulated by government when it applies to the internet. In the same way they own the physical cables, the pipes underground, the satellites and the air space, they are providing the bridge.Without their bridges, the consumer cannot access the internet. In a free market society, we tell companies to manage their business according to what the market will allow. The market has allowed the cell phone industry to operat e without regulation. The cable companies have thrived without regulation under the allowance of the market. The internet is no different. Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned or possessed by a person or jointly by a group of people. Property is synonymous with ownership.Ownership is the exclusive right to possess and dispose of what oh own. â€Å"When you pull out the government, you take out socialism, and when you remove the rights of ownership and place the benefits broadly on the least able to pay for them, you have communism. It isn't yet clear if socialism will work in the U. S. , and it is doubly doubtful that communism (aka â€Å"Net neutrality†) will ever work. † (Ender, 2010) In economic terms, calculability is the ability to exclude others from use of a good. Rivalry is when one person's use of a good diminishes another's ability to use that good.When you have a resource that doesn't have calculability but does display rivalry you hav e what is known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons† which is an overused, under maintained resource (aka â€Å"the free-rider problem†). In Africa arose the possibility of the elephant becoming extinct from humans killing them for their hides and tusks. Two countries decided to act against this problem, Kenya and Rhodesia. Kenya took the approach of placing a ban on elephant poaching while Rhodesia gave property owners Private Property Rights to the elephants with incentives for elephant maintenance.Jenny's elephant population decreased while Rhodesia increased dramatically. The conclusion of when property rights are given, ownership of property motivates protection and care for the property more efficiently than federal regulations. In economic terms the internet would be classified as an Clubbable resource. The classification of rival or non-rival is debatable due to bandwidth. However if we look at this example from the rival standpoint, it bears identical resemblance of the private goods industry.When property rights are given with incentives, the elephant will prosper. If ownership is revoked and regulations are implemented by government, we have Tragedy of the commons. Sip's currently don't have incentives to make broadband bandwidth accessible in all parts of our country due to lack of profitability. Therefore our elephant population (internet) will decrease. This is a simple example of how capitalism is a great model for economical success. It is the same model that has molded our country for over two centuries. Why the model is continually changing I do not know.The Internet is not public property. Telecommunications companies have spent billions Of dollars on network infrastructure all over the world. They did so in the hope of selling communications services to customers willing to pay for them. The government has no right to effectively nationalize Sip's by telling them how run their networks. Proponents of net neutrality love to invent hypothetical scenarios of ways companies could abuse customers. It is true that a free society gives people the freedom to be stupid, wrong, and even malicious.The great thing about capitalism is that it also gives people the freedom to decide whom they want to do business with. A socialized Internet takes away that freedom and turns it over to politicians and lobbyists. Why do â€Å"net neutrality' advocates ridicule politicians for impairing the Internet to a â€Å"series of tubes,† and then trust them to regulate it? (vessels, 2007) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has the ability to regulate wireless network providers by reclassifying them as Title II common carrier services, essentially equating them with cable and phone companies.That type of regulation would allow the FCC to impose traffic equality laws on all carriers, where under Washman's proposal wireless providers would have been exempt. Verizon, AT and wireless association ACTA have opposed the PC's m easures, while Google, Faceable and Keep, among various public interest groups strongly supported them. (Prism, 2010) Phone and cable companies have argued that increased regulation of Internet practices could have a detrimental effect on the industry. They argue that tough regulations could deter network investments and hinder the expansion of broadband infrastructure.The free-speech objection to net neutrality has also gained some ground recently. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCAA) and AT&T began citing First Amendment objections to net neutrality in public discussions and in filings with the FCC this year. The free-speech argument states that, by interfering with how phone and cable companies deliver Internet traffic the government would be manipulating the free-speech rights of providers such as AT&T, Verizon and Compass. Jerome, 201 0) The Federal Communications Commission first established rules in 1 965 for cable systems which received signals by micro wave antennas. In March 1 966, the Commission established rules for all cable systems (whether or not served by microwave). The Supreme Court affirmed the Commission's jurisdiction over cable in United States v. Southwestern Cable Co. , 392 US. 157 (1968). The Court ruled that â€Å"the Commission has reasonably concluded that regulatory authority over CATV is imperative if it is to perform with appropriate effectiveness certain of its responsibilities. The Court found the Commission needed authority over cable systems to assure the preservation of local broadcast service and to effect an equitable distribution of broadcast services among the various regions of the country. In March 1 972, new rules regarding cable television became effective. These rules required cable television operators to obtain a certificate Of compliance from the Commission prior to operating a cable elevation system or adding a television broadcast signal.The rules applicable to cable operators fell into se veral broad subject areas franchise standards, signal carriage, network program non-duplication and syndicated program exclusivity, non-broadcast or cable casting services, cross-ownership, equal employment opportunity, and technical standards. Cable television operators who originated programming were subject to equal time, Fairness Doctrine, sponsorship identification and other provisions similar to rules applicable to broadcasters.Cable operators were also required to maintain certain records ND to file annual reports with the Commission concerning general statistics, employment and finances. In succeeding years, the Commission modified or eliminated many of the rules. Among the more significant actions, the Commission deleted most of the franchise standards in 1 977, substituted a registration process for the certificate of compliance application process in 1978, and eliminated the distant signal carriage restrictions and syndicated program exclusivity rules in 1980.In 1 983, th e Commission deleted its requirement that cable operators file financial information. In addition, court actions led to the deletion of the pay cable programming rules in 1977. In October 1 984, the U. S. Congress amended the Communications Act of 1 934 by adopting the Cable Communications policy Act of 1984. The 1 984 Cable Act established policies in the areas of ownership, channel usage, franchise provisions and renewals, subscriber rates and privacy, obscenity and lockers, unauthorized reception of services, equal employment opportunity, and pole attachments.The new law also defined jurisdictional boundaries among federal, state and local authorities for regulating cable elevation systems. Following the 1984 Cable Act, the number of households subscribing to cable television systems increased, as did the channel capacity of many cable systems. However, competition among distributors of cable services did not increase, and, in many communities, the rates for cable services far ou tpaced inflation. Responding to these problems, Congress enacted the Cable Television Consumer protection and Competition Act of 1992.The 1 992 Cable Act mandated a number of changes in the manner in which cable television is regulated. In adopting the 1 992 Cable Act, Congress dated that it wanted to promote the availability of diverse views and information, to rely on the marketplace to the maximum extent possible to achieve that availability, to ensure cable operators continue to expand their capacity and program offerings, to ensure cable operators do not have undue market power, and to ensure consumer interests are protected in the receipt of cable service.The Commission has adopted regulations to implement these goals. In adopting the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress noted that it wanted to provide a pro-competitive, De-regulatory national policy ramekin designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement the requirements of the 1996 Act and the intent of Congress. General Cable Television Industry and Regulation Information Fact Sheet, 2000) In the end life contains complex decision making decisions that come from those with opposing opinions. If we take positive economic results from the past and try to replicate them today, it might begin with clear and concise repertory rights pertaining to the internet. Let the free and open market drive competition to fuel creativity and innovation.

Modern Information Technology Impacts Our Everyday Lives Essay

Over the past 20 years, the world as we know has changed drastically. We have moved from a world that was bound by wires and copper cabling to a world that offers any bit of information you want with the touch of a glass screen from a device that fits in your pockets. In this same period of time, shopping used to involve planning a trip to a brick and motor store and hope they had the product you were looking for, and at the price you wanted to pay. If you lived in a small market, you didn’t have the choices to comparison shop other stores. In today’s age, a consumer can shop from the comfort of their home, and find exactly the right product at exactly the right price. With a click of a mouse and a charge of a credit card, the product will be rushed to the consumer’s house with little to no effort for them. Large retailers like Amazon.com can have a product delivered to a consumer by as early as the next day! This type of convenience has changed our daily ways in many ways, both positive and negative. For example, people can communicate with each other miles apart from their computers and smart phones via email and texting. While some may say this is good thing that allowing distant relatives and friends quick and simple communication without worrying about distance, others would say that email and texting simply takes a lot of the personal touch from the conversation. With retailers moving their sales online, some people believe that the personal touch of being able to talk to someone directly about the product may detract from the experience. Positive Impacts of Modern Technology We should begin looking at the positive impacts that this new technology has on our daily lives. Technology is evolving very quickly, and sometimes consumers have a hard time keeping up with the latest trends, but the impacts are made every day to help improve our lives. Whether we are using computers to communicate by video conferencing with friends and family in another country, or ordering the latest Harry Potter book to be instantly delivered to our Kindles, these technologies are enriching our lives. As retailers move to the web, consumers are able to comparison shop many different sellers with the click of a mouse. There are also dedicated websites out there that allow a consumer to instantly search for a product from hundreds of sellers, and then find the one that has the lowest price and best shipping. On top of this, the internet provides a way for consumers to research the products they are buying. We can look up reviews from other buyers to see if the product lives up to manufacturers claims. When a consumer decides what and where they will buy, they can have the product whisked away from the distribution center and be delivered on their doorstep by the end of the next day, all from the computer of their home. With the massive explosion of social media sites, people are able to find and communicate with their long lost friends and family all from a central location. We can share photos, send messages, and chat in real time with our connections. Although the entertainment industry has been slow to adopt the new technologies in fear of losing money to â€Å"pirates†, we have seen a huge growth of online video. Consumers are able to find and watch their favorite shows whenever and wherever they like. Television sets are now shipping with built in internet connectivity to allow purchasers to access the internet to watch videos and share photos with one another. Companies like Netflix and Hulu have embraced online streaming and are offering thousands of hours of online video for a very low monthly subscription. These services are not limited to just televisions either. Computers, smart phones, and tablets are all easily able to access this same content for on-the-go watching. Online gaming has become huge in the past few years as well. People can play against each other in massive online role playing games such as World of Warcraft, and even console makers such as Microsoft and Sony have enabled their gaming consoles for online play. This brings the world together as a playing field and we are no longer constrained by our living room when it comes to finding new opponents. With the help of Google, people are now able to research topics in record time. With a few keystrokes, users are able to find information on any topic under the sun. Online search engines allow us to research the world’s libraries and other research facilities. We are also able to scour the web for information. This makes student homework much simpler and faster, and allows them to learn more information quicker. Data organization has also become a simpler task thanks to modern technology. Companies can store their entire repository of data onto a simple database server. They can query this server for any bit of information they need within a few seconds. Not only beneficial for companies, home users are able to store their personal documents and photos securely on their PC’s as well as in an off-site â€Å"cloud† and not have any fear of losing this information when a natural disaster occurs. Negative Impacts of Modern Technology While there are many positive impacts on today’s society, there are also many negatives that are introduces as well. Many would argue that there are jobs being lost because of this new technology. Automated and robotic systems have taken the place of humans in the work force. With retailers moving their sales operations online, they no longer need the support staff for their brick and motor stores. Many stores are not able to keep up with the low prices from the mega-retailers online, so they are forced to close down. With the influx of social media as our main communication medium, some think that we have lost the personal touch of spending time with our close friends and family in favor of sitting behind our computers online. People that are only using social media as their main form of communication could lose the ability to interact physically with one another. The many distractions of email notifications and incoming text messages have also become a detractor. People no longer consider it rude to stop in the middle of a conversation to respond to a text message that has just come in to their phone. This could lead to low levels of concentration. At the same time, malicious people have found easy ways to target those that are online. With the vast amount of spam email and harmful virus spreading around the world, more and more people are becoming susceptible to attack. Another negative impact is the illegal use of technology for gambling and other addicting habits. Online gambling sites attract millions of people per day and can completely consume those with weak will power, leading to distressed families and financial means. Underground websites also harbor criminalist activities as well. Pornography and child pornography are trafficked daily on the internet, and the sheer magnitude of the web makes it hard for authorities to track down and eliminate. There are even websites such as TheSilkRoad that sell illegal drugs in the same fashion as Amazon sells normal goods! In Summary Although we cannot stop the negative effects from this new technology, we shouldn’t fear it. Learning to recognize the potential positive impacts this new technology can bring to our lives while at the same time recognizing the potential threats we will be better able to adapt to them and take advantages and enrichments they bring to our daily lives.

Manipulatives: Material and Students

7 Musts for Using Manipulatives By Marilyn Burns 1. I talk with students about why manipulatives help them learn math. These discussions are essential for first-time users and useful refreshers to refocus from time to time. I precede discussions by giving children time to explore a manipulative. Then we talk about what students noticed and I introduce the concepts they'll learn with the material. 2 . From day one, I set ground rules for using materials. We talk about the similarities and differences between using manipulatives in class and playing with toys or games.With toys or games, children can make up their own rules. With manipulatives, they are given specific problems and activities. I do make clear, however, that they're free to make discoveries and explore new ideas. It's also important for students not to interfere with one another. I step in when I hear a howl of protest as a student who needs one more yellow tile takes it from another group's table. Sometimes I open up th e discussion to the entire class. These impromptu reminders help keep students on track. 3. I set up a system for storing materials and familiarize students with it.It's important for students to know where and how to store materials. A clear system makes the materials more accessible. Some teachers designate and label space on bookshelves. Others use zip-top plastic bags and portion materials into quantities useful for pairs or groups. Still others place a supply of each material at students' tables so they're always within reach. 4. Time for free exploration is worth the investment. Whenever I introduce a new material, I allot at least one math period for this. Teacher demonstrations alone are like eating a papaya in front of the class and expecting children to know how it tastes. Free exploration time also allows students to satisfy their curiosity so they don't become distracted from the assigned tasks. Expect children to see if tiles can fall like dominoes; build tall towers wi th rods; or construct rockets out of cubes. After children have explored a material, I ask what they've discovered and record their observations on a chart so their classmates can get insights from their ideas. Then I assign a specific task. 5. For easy reference, I post class charts about manipulative materials.Charts not only send students the message that I value manipulatives, but also help students learn materials' names and how to spell them. In September I post a chart that lists all the materials we'll use during the year. For some materials, I post separate charts to list their shapes and colors. And I leave posted charts of students' discoveries about materials. 6. Manipulatives are a natural for writing assignments; having students write in math class has many benefits. Manipulatives provide concrete objects for children to describe. 7. I let parents get their hands on manipulatives, too.It's important for parents to understand why their children are using materials. Foll ow up by having children take home materials and activities to do with their families. (Hint: I wait until students have had some experience. )3 Marilyn Burns Answers Your Questions Marilyn Burns Answers Your Questions About Manipulatives Q. Manipulatives help my learners who struggle, but do my better Math students need them? A. Absolutely. The challenge of teaching any subject is to find activities that are accessible to all learners and have the richness to challenge more interested or capable students.Manipulatives are a wonderful resource for this. For example, I introduced fourth graders to Build the Yellow Hexagon. All students found different ways to build the hexagon and recorded their constructions with correct fractional notation. I asked the students who finished quickly: â€Å"How much larger is the red trapezoid than the blue parallelogram? † This challenged them to figure out how much more 1/2 is than 1/3. Q. How often should I use manipulatives in my teaching? A. Ideally, the materials are available for students to use at any time to help them think, reason, and solve problems.When a manipulative material is key to a lesson, I initiate its use. Q. What about students who work well with manipulatives but have trouble with textbooks? A. Showing the bridge from concrete experiences to symbolism is essential. While it may be obvious to adults, it can be a stretch for students to see how a 3-by-4 rectangle built with tiles relates to the textbook explanation that 3 x 4 means three groups of four. I help children make connections by demonstrating how a rectangle can be separated into three rows with four tiles. Q. How many kinds of manipulatives do I need?A. It makes sense to introduce one material and provide time for in-depth exploration. But one advantage of using a variety is that children can think about ideas in different ways. For example, we wouldn't want children to think of fractions as related only to round pies. Q. Can't I make che aper manipulatives? A. For years I've had children cut paper cookies to explore fractions, fold shapes for geometry, and use strips for measurement. Students also cut paper squares into the seven tangram puzzle pieces to see that the pieces make a square.However, to create other shapes, compare areas and perimeters, or make observations over time, paper pieces aren't durable or exact. Manipulatives stand the test of time and are precise. They also allow students to discover the mathematical relationships inherent in them. 4 Q. Where do I fit manipulatives in when there's so much to do? A. I use manipulatives as a support for teaching the math topics that are in the curriculum. I don't reserve materials for special days or assignments, but make them a regular and integral part of my general teaching. Q.I worry that children will see the same materials year after year and lose interest. Do they? A. School-wide planning to discuss which manipulatives you'll use and how to use them can be valuable. However, be careful not to designate certain materials or activities for only one grade. Most are appropriate for different levels, and repeat experiences help students stretch their thinking. For example, asking primary children to find different ways to make trains of six interlocking cubes using just two colors helps them explore different addends of 6.Older students can be challenged to figure out how many arrangements there are, not only for trains of 6, but also for trains of other lengths. Q. I don't have enough of any one kind of manipulative to use with my whole class. What can I do? A. Some teachers I know organize learning centers and have small groups work at them. Others introduce a few activities to be done over several days, and students make choices based on which materials are available. Still others pool materials for a week with other teachers to create class sets.In all cases, having students work cooperatively not only cuts down on the amount of mat erial you need, but also encourages communication — which in turn promotes learning. Q. How do I know when it's time for students to put away the materials? A. I let students be my guide. Observing them gives me valuable information. Sometimes I've assigned students the problem of finding all of the rectangular arrays using 6, 12, and 24 tiles. While some need to build all of the rectangles with tiles and then record them, other students stop using the tiles and are comfortable drawing the rectangles.Q. I worry older students will complain that manipulatives are babyish. Any advice? A. I rarely get this reaction. Most are delighted to get their hands on concrete materials. If you anticipate naysayers, talk about how, for example, architects often build models of buildings and engineers construct prototypes. Tell students that they'll use materials to model a problem or situation. Then be sure they first experience something that offers a challenge and that you provide free ex ploration time.

The Seeds Dispersal Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Seeds Dispersal - Lab Report Example The purpose of this experiment is to determine the correlation between the distance covered by the seed and seed weight, fluff size, and the speed of the wind. The following materials were used, thirty milkweed seeds, meter rule, weighing balance, stopwatch, paper bags, strings, fan, and notebook.As described, the weight of each seed was measured using weighing balance and noted. The length of fluff was also measured and recorded. This was followed by measuring the time taken by seed on air. Each seed was dropped from a height of one meter three times and time average for the seed loft in air measured and recorded. After all the data were collected, the mean and standard deviation for time, weight and fluff length were calculated. The seeds dispersal is a significant factor in plants redistribution. Light seeds are flown a large distance by wind than heavier seeds. From the experiment, it is clear that small seeds move far distance than heavy seeds from their place of origin under the same wind magnitude. Seed dispersed from shorter plants move a small distance from their parent plant than taller plants. From the experiment, it is also clear that the distance moved by seed is directly determined by the strength of the wind. Excel sheet No.3 Wind plays a major role in plant dispersal. Only small light seeds with special adaptations can be dispersed by the winds. These adaptations are to facilitate the seeds remaining airborne longer which means they can be carried great distances. Such adaptations involve hairs or outgrowths which increase the surface area to catch the wind.

Legislative Activism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Legislative Activism - Research Paper Example icians use discriminations as platforms for change, sociologists and anthropologists look at culture based on interactions between people of different skin colors, and forms are filled out that consistently ask the question of skin color, the one belief that does not seem to be readily available to the American people is that skin color has no bearing on any display of differences between people who are born in the same region. The unfortunate consequence of believing that skin color is relevant to differences within the human species is that some people are subjugated while others gain a position of superiority that has no real basis. In researching this topic, the vision of a young child who saw people as ‘peach people’ and ‘brown people’ comes to mind his thoughts categorizing them in color groups, but without the insinuated ‘stereotypes’ that come from the concepts of ‘black’ and ‘white’. The consequence of categorization through false representations of color and implied attributes is that a perpetuation of ignorance influences the course of history within the Western world, and primarily within the United States. As a result, the United States has developed an arrogance about the rest of the world based upon the myth of the ‘average’ Caucasian in exchange for a frequent view from other cultures of the world that the United States has hubris and a false sense of superiority based upon prejudiced reactions to people of ethnicities that visually present differently than Caucasians. The issue of race is a persistent problem that invades every part of life that is associated with the legal system. Most, if not all, legal forms ask questions that pertain to race, despite the inaccuracy of the descriptions of skin color from which those forms categorize people. Race is merely a social grouping in which a culture has decided to divide people. That can be done through skin color as easily as it could be done through hair color or eye color.